P reductive

Spotnitz, W.D., Dalton, M.S., Baker, J.W. and Nolan, S.P, Reduction of perioperative hemorrhage by anterior mediastinal spray application of fibrin glue during cardiac operations. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 44, 529-531 (1987). 

This system fulfills the four above-mentioned conditions, as the active species is a rhodium hydride which acts as efficient hydride transfer agent towards NAD+ and also NADP+. The regioselectivity of the NAD(P)+ reduction by these rhodium-hydride complexes to form almost exclusively the enzymatically active, 1,4-isomer has been explained in the case of the [Rh(III)H(terpy)2]2+ system by a complex formation with the cofactor[65]. The reduction potentials of the complexes mentioned here are less negative than - 900 mV vs SCE. The hydride transfer directly to the carbonyl compounds acting as substrates for the enzymes is always much slower than the transfer to the oxidized cofactors. Therefore, by proper selection of the concentrations of the mediator, the cofactor, the substrate, and the enzyme it is usually no problem to transfer the hydride to the cofactor selectively when the substrate is also present [66]. This is especially the case when the work is performed in the electrochemical enzyme membrane reactor. 

Electron transfer to the protein metal center is monitored spectroscopically. In the case of a heme (FeP), a fast increase in absorbance due to direct reduction of Fe(III)P by Ru(bpy)f is followed by a slower increase in absorbance due to reduction of Fe(III)P by the Ru(II) on the protein surface. Control flash experiments with unmodified proteins show only the fast initial increase in absorbance due to Fe(III)P reduction by Ru(bpy)3. Such control experiments demonstrate for horse heart cytochrome c [21], azurin [28], and sperm whale myoglobin [14] that slow reduction of the heme by the EDTA radical produced in the scavenging step does not occur in competition with intramolecular ET. However, for Candida krusei cytochrome c, the control experiment shows evidence for slow EDTA radical reduction of the heme after initial fast reduetion by Ru(bpy)i+ [19]. 

Thiocysteine can also arise in a similar manner through action of cystathionine (3 lyase on cystine. Thiocysteine is eliminated with production of pyruvate and ammonia from the rest of the cystine molecule 467 One of the nifS-like proteins of E. coli is thought to transfer a selenium atom from selenocysteine (pp. 823-827) into selenophosphate 466a f The latter can be formed by transfer of a phospho group from ATP to selenide HSe-. The other products of ATP cleavage are AMP and P . Reduction of Se° to HSe- is presumably necessary. 

Prediction Status P reduction Status Prediction Status... 

Heijman, C.G., Grieder, E., Holliger, C., and Schwarzenbach, R.P., Reduction of ni-troaromatic compounds coupled to microbial iron reduction in laboratory aquifer columns, Environ. Sci. Technol, 29, 755-783, 1995. 

Figure 8.2 Photosystem-I for p-reductive activation of a,p-unsaturated ketones.

L-serine. The latter three fragments arise by slow decomposition of a primary unit of 2-(2-hydroxy-6-methylphenyl)oxazoline. Acid hydrolysis also liberates /ra s-octadec-2-enoic acid, but the cis isomer is obtained by periodate cleavage and hence represents the natural configuration. The length of the n-A2-unsaturated fatty acid side chain ranges from C14 to C20 with Cig representing the main component (85%). No method has been found to separate mycobactins P with different side chains. Saponification yields mycobactic acid P and a neutral substance, cobactin P. Reductive hydrolysis in HI gives the hydroxyamino acid as L-lysine. 

Cationized gelatin nanopar- ticle None Pol-III HI Intraureteral Obstructive C57BL/6 nephropa- mice thy Kidney TGF-p Reduction in collagen content and fibrotic tissue in the kidney interstitium (64, 81)... 

MeReO(NAr)2]. The dioxotris(pyrazolyl)borate complex [Tp Re02], obtained by in situ reduction of [Tp ReOs] by PPhs or P(OEt)3, catalyzes the OAT from epoxides to those P reductants, whose kinetics have also been studied. 

As indicated in Sections 1 and 2, succinate is an electron donor widely utilized for NAD(P) reduction by phototrophic purple bacteria. The membrane-bound enzyme responsible for succinate oxidation has been solubilized and partially characterized in the purple non-sulfur bacteria R. rubrum [73,74] and Rhodopseudo-monas sphaeroides (recently renamed Rhodobacter sphaeroides) [57]. In situ characterization of the iron-sulfur centers likely to be associated with succinate dehydrogenase has been accomplished for Rps. capsulata [59] and C. vinosum [51]. Of particular interest is the presence of a succinate-reducible [51,57,58,73] and fu-marate-oxidizable [51] iron-sulfur cluster with near +50 mV that, like center S-3 [60,61,75,76] of mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase (Complex II), is paramagnetic in the oxidized state. The enzyme in phototrophic bacteria also appears to have one or two ferredoxin-like (i.e., paramagnetic in the reduced state) iron-sulfur centers that correspond to centers S-1 (succinate-reducible, EJ ranging from... 

Epoxy ketones are selectively reduced with lithium naphthalenide or Cp2TiCl in THF/MeOH ° to the (3-hydroxyketone. Other reduction methods can lead to the epoxy alcohol (see p. ). Reduction of epoxy amides with Sml2 in methanol gave the ot-hydroxyamide. ° ... 

Olivieri, N.F., Berriman, AM., Tyler, B.J., Davis, S.A., Francombe, W.H., Liu, P.P. Reduction in tissue iron stores with a new regime of continuous ambulatory intravenous deferoxamine. Amer. J. Hematol. 1992 41 61-63... 

Rossi PR, Yusuf S, Ramsdale D, Furze L, Sleight P. Reduction of ventricular arrhythmias by early intravenous atenolol in suspected acute myocardial infarction. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1983 286(6364) 506-10. 

Rosch JM, Pazin GJ, Fireman P. Reduction of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity with mannitol. JAMA 1976 235 1995-6. 

Vandichel, J.-C.N.E. and Appleyard, P., "Reduction of CFC-11 Usage in Flexible Polyurethane Foams through Modifications to Polymer Morphology," Journal of Cellular Plastics, 27(3) 279-294 (May/June 1991). 

Elphimoff-Felkin, I., Sarda, P. Reductions by zinc in the presence of acids. III. Reduction of alcohols, ethers, acetates, and allylic halides to olefins. Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 511-516. 

Luche, J. L., Rodriguez-Hahn, L., Crabbe, P. Reduction of natural enones in the presence of cerium trichloride. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1978, 601-602. 

Several weeks may be needed for full therapeutic effect of B/P reduction. 

Wardman P, Reduction potentials of one-electron couples involving free radicals in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1989,18,1637-1755. 

Gangl, E.T. Annan, A. Spooner, N. Vouros, P. Reduction of Signal Supression Effects in ESI-MS Using a Nanosplitting Device, Anal. Chem. 73, 5635-5644 (2001). 

Collignon, N., Fabre, G., Varlet, J.M., and Savignac, P, Reductive amination of phosphonic aldehydes. A reexamination, Phosphorus Sulfur, 10, 81, 1981. 

Greineder DK, Loanc KC, Parks P Reduction in resource utilization by an asthma outreach program. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995 149 415 420. 

Kocienski, P. Reductive Elimination, Vicinal Deoxygenation and Vicinal Desilylation, in Comprehensive Organic Synthesis Trost, B.M. Fleming, I., Eds. Pergamon Press Oxford, 1991 Vol. 6, Ch. 5.2, pp. 975-1010. 

P reduction, especially in chronic painful conditions, e.g. postherpetic neuralgia. The active PCSI material in irritant spray devices used for antipersonnel and peacekeeping operations ( pepper spray is 1-15% OC). 

Volume at hydrostatic pressure p Reduction of volume when 1 gram of solvent escapes Osmotic pressure for hydrostatic pressure p... 

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