Proteins protein-based

Adhesives from Diisocyanates and Proteins. Protein-based adhesives have been used as traditional binders for wood since the beginning of wood products manufacture. Glutin and casein binders can provide interior-grade wood products but with modified casein binders, even panels for exterior use are possible. For economic and technical reasons, protein-based wood adhesives have been replaced more and more by synthetic adhesives since the beginning of the century. 

Koppensteiner W A, P Lackner, M Wiederstein and M J Sippl 2000. Characterization of Novel Proteins Based on Known Protein Structures. Journal of Molecular Biology 296 1139-1152. 

Protein acidulant Protein additives Protein ammo acids a-l-Proteinase inhibitor Protein-based mimetics Protein Ca [42617-41-4] Protein channels Protein chromatography Protein crystal growth... 

Protein-Based Adhesives. Proteia-based adhesives are aormaHy used as stmctural adhesives they are all polyamino acids that are derived from blood, fish skin, caseia [9000-71 -9] soybeans, or animal hides, bones, and connective tissue (coUagen). Setting or cross-linking methods typically used are iasolubilization by means of hydrated lime and denaturation. Denaturation methods require energy which can come from heat, pressure, or radiation, as well as chemical denaturants such as carbon disulfide [75-15-0] or thiourea [62-56-6]. Complexiag salts such as those based upon cobalt, copper, or chromium have also been used. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde donors such as h exam ethyl en etetra am in e can be used to form cross-links. Removal of water from a proteia will also often denature the material. 

One frozen dessert is made with Simplesse, a protein-based fat mimetic that contains no fat (37). Other dairy product developments include a fat flavor, produced by encapsulating milk fatty acids in maltodextrins (38) fat-free cottage cheeses and 2% fat milk, prepared by steam stripping cream with partial fat addback, with a cholesterol level about 60% lower than the starting material (39). 

O a trim oats Protein-based mimetics Rhc ne-Poulenc/Quaker Oats ConAgra... 

Tradblazer whey/milk protein Gum-based mimetics Kraft General Foods... 

By similar logic, protein affinity Hbraries have been constmcted to identify protein—protein combining sites, as in antibody—antigen interaction (19) and recombinant Hbraries have been made which produce a repertoire of antibodies in E. coli (20). In another case, a potential DNA-based therapeutic strategy has been studied (21). DNAs from a partially randomized Hbrary were selected to bind thrombin in vitro. Oligonucleotides, termed aptamers that bound thrombin shared a conserved sequence 14—17 nucleotides long. 

Protein-Based Substitutes. Several plant and animal-based proteins have been used in processed meat products to increase yields, reduce reformulation costs, enhance specific functional properties, and decrease fat content. Examples of these protein additives are wheat flour, wheat gluten, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, textured soy protein, cottonseed flour, oat flour, com germ meal, nonfat dry milk, caseinates, whey proteins, surimi, blood plasma, and egg proteins. Most of these protein ingredients can be included in cooked sausages with a maximum level allowed up to 3.5% of the formulation, except soy protein isolate and caseinates are restricted to 2% (44). 

Adhesives (qv) used to make plywood are classified as either the exterior adhesive or the lesser quaHty interior adhesive. The terms relate to the abUity of the adhesive to survive exposure to moisture and weather. PhenoHc resins (qv) are commonly used as adhesives to make plywood. The difference between interior and exterior phenoHc resin adhesive is the filler level. Exterior rated plywood uses higher resin content adhesives. Interior rated plywood uses either highly extended (below 24% resin soHds) or protein-based adhesives. The adhesive is appHed to the veneer by roU coating, spraying, curtain coating, or foam extmsion. 

Isolated soy proteins have also been used in whipped toppings. Soy-protein-based toppings have a lower protein concentration than caseinate-based toppings. Formulations ate adjusted to protein levels, and higher protein levels can result in off-flavors. Typical formulations for a Hquid frozen, prewhipped product are given in Table 18. 

Mechanism of Dyeing. Wool (qv) is a complex protein polymer based on amino acid building blocks, and the polymer chains are cross-linked by disulfide groups. Amino acids (qv) contain both amino and carboxyUc acid groups and therefore the wool polymer contains both —NH2... 

Since the summation in Eq. (12) may be on any subset of atoms, it can be fine-tuned to best suit the problem at hand. The summation may be over the whole molecule, but it is very common to calculate conformational distances based only on non-hydrogen heavy atoms or, in the case of proteins, even based on only the backbone Ca atoms. Alternatively, in a study related to drug design one may consider, for example, focusing only on atoms that make up the pharmacophore region or that are otherwise known to be functionally important. 

I Wojcik, I-P Mornon, I Chomilier. New efficient statistical sequence-dependent structure prediction of short to medium-sized protein loops based on an exhaustive loop classification. I Mol Biol 289 1469-1490, 1999. 

CA Schiffer, JW Caldwell, PA Kollman, RM Stroud. Prediction of homologous protein structures based on conformational searches and energetics. Pi otems 8 30-43, 1990. 

PJ Whittle, TL Blundell. Protein stracture-based drag design. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Stract 23 349-375, 1994. 

The first dynamical simulation of a protein based on a detailed atomic model was reported in 1977. Since then, the uses of various theoretical and computational approaches have contributed tremendously to our understanding of complex biomolecular systems such as proteins, nucleic acids, and bilayer membranes. By providing detailed information on biomolecular systems that is often experimentally inaccessible, computational approaches based on detailed atomic models can help in the current efforts to understand the relationship of the strucmre of biomolecules to their function. For that reason, they are now considered to be an integrated and essential component of research in modern biology, biochemistry, and biophysics. 

Bacteriophage repressor proteins provide excellent examples of sequence-specific interactions between the side chains of a protein and bases lining the floor of the major groove of B-DNA. As we shall see, to fit the protein s recognition module into this groove it has to be made even wider in other words, the B-DNA has to be distorted. 

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