Proteins functional role

Prolactin-Like Proteins. A number of prolactin-like proteins (PLPs), which ate distinct from the PLs, have been identified in mminants and rodents (11,23). Several cDNA transcripts coding for PLPs in catde have been identified (23). These transcripts code for proteins which possess about 40% sequence homology with bovine PRL 60% if conservative substitutions ate considered. Three glycosylated PLPs, ie, PLP-A, -B, and -C, ate produced during pregnancy in the rat (11). Two additional prolactin-related molecules have been identified in the mouse (24,25), ie, proliferin [92769-12-5] (PLF) and PLF-related protein [98724-27-7]. These ate not found in other rodents and may be unique to the mouse. The functional roles of PLPs remain to be deterrnined. 

Despite the unity in secondary structural patterns, little is known about the three-dimensional, or tertiary, structure of rRNAs. Even less is known about the quaternary interactions that occur when ribosomal proteins combine with rRNAs and when the ensuing ribonucleoprotein complexes, the small and large subunits, come together to form the complete ribosome. Furthermore, assignments of functional roles to rRNA molecules are still tentative and approximate. (We return to these topics in Chapter 33.)... 

Special attention has been given to the study of tautomeric equilibria in solutions of histidine 22 because the key functional role of such equilibria in proteins is recognized. In aqueous solutions the tautomers of histidine rapidly interconvert and only a single averaged signal is observed for each ring nitrogen (Scheme 10). 

Akira S (1999) Functional roles of STAT family proteins lessons from knockout mice. Stem Cells 17 138-146... 

According to the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Opioid Receptois it was proposed to term ORL-1 recqrtor as NOP receptor [1]. The human NOP receptor gene encodes a protein of370 amino acids. Splice valiants have been found in the human and mouse NOP recqrtor with no known functional significance. NOP receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain and in the spinal cord. They are also present in immune cells. A functional role for N/OFQ has been proposed in nociception, locomotoric activity, reward, stress, and immunomodulation. 

Inside the typical smooth muscle cell, the cytoplasmic filaments course around the nuclei filling most of the cytoplasm between the nuclei and the plasma membrane. There are two filamentous systems in the smooth muscle cell which run lengthwise through the cell. The first is the more intensively studied actin-myosin sliding filament system. This is the system to which a consensus of investigators attribute most of the active mechanical properties of smooth muscle. It will be discussed in detail below. The second system is the intermediate filament system which to an unknown degree runs in parallel to the actin-myosin system and whose functional role has not yet been completely agreed upon. The intermediate filaments are so named because their diameters are intermediate between those of myosin and actin. These very stable filaments are functionally associated with various protein cytoarchitectural structures, microtubular systems, and desmosomes. Various proteins may participate in the formation of intermediate filaments, e.g., vimentin. 

Scientists are now trying to determine the primary sequence and functional role of every protein expressed in a living cell, known as its proteome. 

Although fully devoted to the Health Sector, Biacore offers a set of services, which might be of great interest to developmental activities in other industrial areas. Then-focus is on systems for protein interaction analysis, which yield data on the interactions between proteins and other molecules. Protein functionality and the elucidation of reaction mechanisms play an important key role in the development and production of industrial processes. Currently, their products are used in antibody characterization,... 

HSAB and sulfo-HSAB have been used to investigate serum amyloid A (Cai et al., 2007), the functional role of C-terminal sequence elements in the transporter associated with antigen processing (Ehses et al., 2005), and the kinetics of intermolecular interactions during cytochrome C protein folding (Nishida et al., 2004). 

Various optical detection methods have been used to measure pH in vivo. Fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy using an inverted microscope was used to determine intracellular pH in tumor cells [5], NMR spectroscopy was used to continuously monitor temperature-induced pH changes in fish to study the role of intracellular pH in the maintenance of protein function [27], Additionally, NMR spectroscopy was used to map in-vivo extracellular pH in rat brain gliomas [3], Electron spin resonance (ESR), which is operated at a lower resonance, has been adapted for in-vivo pH measurements because it provides a sufficient RF penetration for deep body organs [28], The non-destructive determination of tissue pH using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been employed for pH measurements in the muscle during... 

Protein kinases differ in their cellular and subcellular distribution, substrate specificity and regulation. These properties determine the functional roles played by the very large number of protein kinases that have been found in mammalian tissues, most of which are known to be expressed in neurons [3]. The major classes of protein serine-threonine kinase in the brain, listed in Table 23-1, are covered in this chapter. The major classes of protein tyrosine kinases in the brain are discussed in Chapter 24. 

The brain contains many other types of second-messenger-independent protein kinases. Examples of other second-messenger-independent protein kinases are listed in Table 23-1. Many of these include enzymes that were identified originally in association with a particular substrate protein but shown later to play a more widespread role in brain signal transduction. The functional role of one of these, [3-adrenergic receptor kinase (PARK), a type of G protein receptor kinase (GRK), is discussed further below. 

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