Proteins associated with

Protamines. Strongly basic, low mol. wt. proteins which contain high levels of arginine, but no sulphur-containing amino-acids. They are soluble proteins, associated with nucleic acids and are obtained in large quantity from fish spermatozoa. 

Interest in vaccine development has centered around the asexual erothrocytic stage of the life cycle, especially the mero2oite. Several proteins associated with these stages have been identified and produced by recombinant techniques (92,93). The most prominent is the MSA-1 protein of the mero2oite. A clinical trial with this protein is being planned (93). 

Cho, K. W., Colepicolo, P., and Hastings, J. W. (1989). Autoinduction and aldehyde chain-length effects on the bioluminescent emission from the yellow protein associated with luciferase in Vibrio fischeri strain Y-lb. Photochetn. Photobiol. 50 671-677. 

The antimuscarinic drug atropine, and its derivative ipratropiumbromide, can also be used for antiarrhyth-mic treatment. Muscarinic receptors (M2 subtype) are mainly present in supraventricular tissue and in the AV node. They inhibit adenylylcyclase via G proteins and thereby reduce intracellular cAMP. On the other hand, activation of the M2 receptor leads to opening of hyperpolarizing Ik.acii and inhibits the pacemaker current If probably via the (3y-subunit of the Gi protein associated with this receptor. The results are hyperpolarization and slower spontaneous depolarization. Muscarinic receptor antagonists like atropine lead to increased heart rate and accelerated atrioventricular conduction. There are no or only slight effects on the ventricular electrophysiology. 

Enzymes 7,9, and 13 form a trifunctional protein associated with the inner face of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is also associated with other inner mitochondrial membranes while the other enzymes are in the matrix and may be loosely associated with the inner face of the inner membrane. A medium-chain 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase may also be present in the mitochondrial matrix. 

The nuclear-encoded proteins are inserted into both inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, the intermembrane space, and the matrix and there are several different mechanisms involved. As mentioned above there is no apparent requirement for a presequence on proteins which insert specifically into the mitochondrial outer membrane. For proteins destined for the inner mitochondrial membrane, a stop-transfer mechanism is proposed. Thus some information in the peptide must stop the complete transfer of the protein into the mitochondrial matrix, enabling the protein to remain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. For some proteins in the intermembrane space (for example the Rieske iron-sulphur protein associated with the outer face of complex III), a particularly complicated import pathway... 

Sheaffer AK, Newcomb WW, Gao M, Yu D, Weller SK, Brown JC, Tenney DJ (2001) Herpes simplex virus DNA cleavage and packaging proteins associate with the procapsid prior to its maturation. J Virol 75 687-698... 

Singh, N.K., Bracket, C.A.S., Hasegawa, P.M., Handa, A.K., Bruckel, S., Hermondson, M.A., Pfankoch, E., Regnier, F.E. Bressan, R.A. (1987o). Characterisation of osmotin. A Thaumatin-like protein associated with osmotic adaptation in plant cells. Plant Physiology, 85, 528-36. 

The formation of the PIC described above is based on the sequential addition of purified components in in vitro experiments. An essential feature of this model is that the assembly takes place on the DNA template. Accordingly, transcription activators, which have autonomous DNA binding and activation domains (see Chapter 39), are thought to function by stimulating either PIC formation or PIC function. The TAF coactivators are viewed as bridging factors that communicate between the upstream activators, the proteins associated with pol II, or the many other components of TFIID. This view, which assumes that there is stepwise assembly of the PIC—promoted by various interactions between activators, coactivators, and PIC components— is illustrated in panel A of Figure 37-10. This model was supported by observations that many of these proteins could indeed bind to one another in vitro. 

In principle, the use of addressable, pooled GST fusion proteins could be used to identify proteins associated with any biochemical activity, assuming that the fusion protein is soluble, folded and functional. The method has the additional advantage that, once the GST fusion clones are constructed, it is a rapid technique. The authors state that only two weeks are required to purify the 64 pools and the assays can be accomplished in a day (Martzen et al., 1999). In addition, the method is sensitive because only 96 recombinant proteins are assayed at one time in contrast to the use of cell lysates where thousands of proteins are present. This leads to a much higher concentration of each protein, which greatly facilitates detection of a biochemical activity (Martzen et al., 1999). 

Shackelton LM, Mann DM, Millis AJ 1995 Identification of a 38kDa heparin-binding glycoprotein (gp38k) in differentiating vascular smooth muscle cells as a member of a group of proteins associated with tissue remodeling. J Biol Chem 270 13076—13083... 

Hawdon, J.M., Jones, B.F., Hoffman, D.R. and Hotez, P.J. (1996) Cloning and characterization of Ancylostoma-secreted protein. A novel protein associated with the transition to parasitism by infective hookworm larvae. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 6672-6678. 

Munn, E.A. (1977) A helical, polymeric extracellular protein associated with the luminal surface of Haemonchus coratortws intestinal cells. Tissue and Cell9, 23-34. 

Novel Proteins Associated with Multi-Cellular Organisms. 335... 

Homo sapiens (compared to Drosophila melanogaster) Large-scale gene duplications with substantial expansion of genes involved in acquired immune response (B cells, T cells, major histocompatibility complex genes, cytokines, chemokines and their receptors), plasma proteases (complement and hemostatic proteins), proteins associated with apoptotic regulation and proteins related to neuronal network formation and electrical coupling... 

Arnott D et al. An integrated approach to proteome analysis identification of proteins associated with cardiac hypertrophy. Anal Biochem 1998 258 1-18. 

The bimodal distribution of proteins along the fitted curve is striking. It is immediately obvious that one of the samples has been enriched. Proteins associated with blood are enriched in the whole section while proteins... 

M.R. Shilling, H.P. Khanjian, L.A.C. Souza, Gas chromatographic analysis of amino acids as ethyl chloroformate derivatives. Part 1 compositions of proteins associated with art objects and monuments, Journal of American Institute for Conservation, 35, 45 59 (1996). 

Cornelius RM, Shankar SP, Brash JL, Babensee JE (2011) Immunoblot analysis of proteins associated with self-assembled monolayer surfaces of defined chemistries. J Biomed Mater Res 98A 7-18... 

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