Protein malnutrition

Organoselenium compounds in particular, once ingested, are slowly released over prolonged periods and result in foul-smelling breath and perspiration. The element is also highly toxic towards grazing sheep, cattle and other animals, and, at concentrations above about 5 ppm, causes severe disorders. Despite this, Se was found (in 1957) to play an essential dietary role in animals and also in humans — it is required in the formation of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase which is involved in fat metabolism. It has also been found that the Incidence of kwashiorkor (severe protein malnutrition) in children is associated with inadequate uptake of Se, and it may well be involved in protection... 

In arterioles, the hydrostatic pressure is about 37 mm Hg, with an interstitial (tissue) pressure of 1 mm Hg opposing it. The osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) exerted by the plasma proteins is approximately 25 mm Hg. Thus, a net outward force of about 11 mm Hg drives fluid out into the interstitial spaces. In venules, the hydrostatic pressure is about 17 mm Hg, with the oncotic and interstitial pressures as described above thus, a net force of about 9 mm Hg attracts water back into the circulation. The above pressures are often referred to as the Starling forces. If the concentration of plasma proteins is markedly diminished (eg, due to severe protein malnutrition), fluid is not attracted back into the intravascular compartment and accumulates in the extravascular tissue spaces, a condition known as edema. Edema has many causes protein deficiency is one of them. 

Hamed MR, al-Assy YS, Ezzeldin E Influence of protein malnutrition on teratogenicity of acetylsalicylic acid in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994 13 83-88. 

The problem of protein malnutrition is very complex and cannot be completely covered in one book, but the chapters of this book provide up-to-date balanced coverage of this important subject. This book, I hope, will fill a need for nutritionists, food scientists, and clinicians concerned about nutritional aspects of plant proteins for humans. Views and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors, whom 1 sincerely thank for their time and effort in presenting their research at the symposium and in preparing their manuscripts for publication in this book. 

Protein Malnutrition in Man J. C. Waterlow, J. Cravioto and Joan M. L. StEPHEN... 

Protein Malnutrition in Children Advances in Knowledge in the Last Ten Years... 

Negative nitrogen lost > nitrogen gained (illness, protein malnutrition, deficiency of an essential amino acid)... 

In rabbits with undemutrition due to a shortage of calories there was a depressed agglutinin production against typhoid vaccine (C3, R4). A similar incapacity to produce antibodies to typhoid vaccine was reported in children with severe protein malnutrition (Bll). During treatment of 5 children, mean age 24 months, with chronic primary malnutrition, it was observed that their response to a single standard dose of 100 imits of purified diphtheroid toxoid was small and slow. Furthermore there was no correlation between specific antibody response and serum protein levels (02). 

Protein or calcium deficiency impairs drug metabolism in animals, due to decreased activity of the microsomal enzymes of the liver. The sleeping time by hexobarbitone is increased as a result of prolonged protein malnutrition. Acetylsalicylic acid has been shown to be more toxic to animals on a diet deficient in protein and magnesium. 

Individuals with chronic alcoholism are prone to gastritis and have increased susceptibility to blood and plasma protein loss during drinking, which may contribute to anemia and protein malnutrition. Alcohol also reversibly injures the small intestine, leading to diarrhea, weight loss, and multiple vitamin deficiencies. 

Isoleucine MSUD Lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency Severe protein malnutrition... 

Nayak P, Chtterjee AK. 1998. Impact of protein malnutrition on subcellular nucleic acid and protein status of brain of aluminum-exposed rats. J Toxicol Sci 23 1-14. 

Sullivan, D.A., Vaermanj, J.-P, and Soo, C. 1993. Influence of severe protein malnutrition on rat lacrimal, salivary and gastrointestinal immune expression during development, adulthood and ageing. Immunology 78(2) 308-317. 

Scrimshaw NS, Behar M Protein malnutrition in young children. Science 133 2039-2047,1961. 

In the food area, protein supplies are emphasized more frequently and are mostly studied for the nutritional properties. It should be pointed out, in the strongest terms, that protein foods are rarely used as crude powders or in their native forms. They are ingested most frequently as part of a complex food system where their functionality, rather than their nutrition, is the property most obvious to the consumer. In fact, many projects to alleviate protein malnutrition in less-developed countries have floundered because the introduced food forms did not fit the accepted pattern (i.e., the functionality) of the foods normally used in the region. Therefore, it is now commonly recognized, for improved nutritional standards, that any new food introduced into a population must, of necessity, be considered for its functional properties. Improving these properties will be a major factor in the successful adoption of the new food by the people in the area. Understanding the relation between protein structure and functionality is an important step in accomplishing these tasks. 

Non-alcohol steatohepatitis Fat build-up in the liver eventually causes scar tissue associated with diabetes, protein malnutrition, obesity and coronary artery disease. Treatment with corticosteroid medications. Biopsy is needed for full diagnosis. 

Protein malnutrition causes changes that are likely to influence pharmacokinetics, e.g. loss of body weight, reduced hepatic metabolising capacity, hypo-proteinaemia. 

A consequence of the lower levels of plasma RBP produced by protein malnutrition is impairment of vitamin A transport from the liver to other tissues however, vitamin A deficiency can also result from heavy reliance on foods that are extremely poor sources of vitamin A, such as rice or cassava. Both factors (lack of RBP or of vitamin A) can lead to deterioration of the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and eye, all signs of vitamin A deficiency. Another sign is nightblindness. Table 4.19 illustrates how feeding protein to malnourished children can result in an improvement in vitamin A status, even when the source of proteins contains little or no vitamin A. Some children with kwashiorkor were fed skim milk. The concentrations of RBP and vitamin A measured in the serum of these children before and after feeding show an increase in plasma RBP. A dramatic rise in plasma vitamin A also occurred, probably as a result of the liver s... 

Decreased Plasma Levels. Decreased levels of RBP are seen primarily with liver disease, protein malnutrition, and the APR. Zinc deficiency is characterized by low serum levels of both RBP and vitamin A. 

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