Protective measures incident preventing

Most petroleum and chemical facilities rely on inherent safety and control features of the process, inherent design arrangements of the facility, and process safety ESD features as the prime loss prevention measures. These features are immediately utilized at the time of an incident. Passive and active explosion and fire protection measures are applicable after the initiating event has occurred and an adverse affect to the operation has been realized. These features are used until their capability has been exhausted or the incident has been controlled. 

Measures of Response for Substances Causing Deterministic Responses. For purposes of health protection in routine exposure situations, incidence has been the primary measure of deterministic response for both radionuclides and hazardous chemicals. Fatalities also are of concern for substances that cause deterministic responses, but only at doses substantially above the thresholds for nonfatal responses. Given that the objective of standards for health protection is to prevent the occurrence of deterministic responses, incidence is not modified by any subjective factors that take into account, for example, the relative severity of different nonfatal responses with respect to a diminished quality of life. Judgments about the importance of deterministic responses are applied only in deciding which responses are sufficiently adverse to warrant consideration in setting protection standards. 

External release of radioactivity resulting in a dose to the critical group of the order of tenths of milHsievert. With such a release, off-site protective measures may not be needed. On-site events resulting in doses to workers sufficient to cause acute health effects and/or an event resulting in a severe spread of contamination for example a few thousand terabecquerels of activity released in a secondary containment where the material can be returned to a satisfactory storage area. Incidents in which a further failure of safety systems could lead to accident conditions, or a situation in which safety systems would be unable to prevent an accident if certain initiators were to occur. 

Such events tend to occur in liquid transfer and vaporization operations and are therefore particularly likely in users plants. A study by Euro Chlor showed that 14% of the safety incidents reported involved overloading of chlorine absorption systems [75]. Section 9.1.8.4 on liquid transfer describes some of the protective measures that can prevent this. 

Considering the high incidence of ICD at the workplace, preventive measures play an important role. In order to increase the awareness of this health risk and to achieve an optimal compliance with protective measures, employees should be adequately instructed at the start of their training. It has been shown that the behaviour of metal-working apprentices must be considered high risk, a result of the fact that they are... 

The first step in protection against explosion incidents is to identify if they have the possibihty of occurring at the facility and to acknowledge that fact. This may be for both internal and open air explosions. Once it is confirmed by an examination of the process materials, an estimate of then-probability should be defined by a risk analysis. If the risk analysis level is indicated as unacceptable, additional measures for prevention mitigation should be implemented. 

The basic goal of the standard is to ensure that employers and employees know about chemical hazards in their workplaces and protective measures to be taken to prevent harmful exposures. This knowledge, in turn, should help to reduce the incidence of chemical source illnesses and injuries. 

In many cases, major pollution incidents can be prevented if appropriate pollution prevention measures are in place or immediately available. Contingency planning is the key to success, therefore preventive and protective measures and incident response strategies should be carefully considered and impiemented. 

Based on the circumstances, you may determine that you need to change the job procedure to prevent similar incidents in the future. If an employee s failure to follow proper job procedures results in a close call, discuss the situation with all employees who perform the job and remind them of proper procedures. Any time you revise a job hazard analysis, it is important to train all employees affected by the changes in the new job methods, procedures, or protective measures adopted. 

After the necessary controls have been implemented, it s important to periodically review yom job hazard analysis to ensure that it remains current and continues to help reduce workplace accidents and injuries. Even if the job has not changed, it is possible that dming the review process you will identify hazards that were not identified in the initial analysis. It is particularly important to review your job hazard analysis if an illness or injury occirrs on a specific job. Based on the circumstances, you may determine that you need to change the job procedure to prevent similar incidents in the futru e. If an employee s failure to follow proper job procedures results in a near miss, discuss the situation with all employees who perform the job and remind them of proper procedures. Any time you revise a job hazard analysis, it is important to train all employees affected by the changes in the new job methods, procedures, or protective measures adopted. Remember, a JHA is one component of the larger commitment of a safety and health management system. 

Effect of Safety Measures An evaluation of the mitigation effects of layers of protective systems of different integrities, on the effects or prevention of an incident. 

The objectives of fire suppression systems are to provide cooling, control the fire (i.e., prevent it from spreading) and provide extinguishment of the fire incident. A variety of fire suppression methods are available to protect a facility. Both portable and fixed systems can be used. The effectiveness of all fire extinguishing measures can be determined by the rate of flow of the extinguishing agent and the method or arrangements of delivery. 

Deterministic Responses. Prevention of deterministic responses is a basic principle of health protection for both radionuclides and hazardous chemicals the goal is to achieve zero probability of such responses. Incidence is the primary measure of deterministic response for any hazardous substance, although prompt fatalities also are of concern at sufficiently high doses. In risk assessments and in establishing deterministic dose limits, no adjustments are made to take into account, for example, the relative severity of different responses with regard to consequent reductions in the quality of life. 

Lithium is used extensively for the prevention of recurrences of symptoms in patients suffering from either manic depression or endogenous depression. The plasma-lithimn concentration correlates well, within narrowly defined limits, with tiierapeutic effectiveness. Plasma concentrations below about 0.5 mmol/litre exert little protective effect against relapse concentrations above 1.2 mmol/lifre are associated with an unacceptably high incidence of side-effects, some of them potentially fatal. The measurement of lithimn in plasma is simple, quick, accurate, and precise. Lithimn has no metabolites and is relatively fice fiom interference by any otiier substance ever likely to be present in plasma. It is not protein-bound and has a moderate to long half-... 

The incident probability itself is mainly determined by the implemented protective and preventive acting measures. These represent the basis of safety of the process. Therefore, using an analogous formulation, risk is determined by the combination of the basis of safety and the weighted hazard potential as shown in Figure 1-3. 

Strategic Guidance Statement and Strategic Plan— Documents that together define the broad national strategic objectives delineate authorities, roles, and responsibilities determine required capabilities and develop performance and effectiveness measures essential to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents. 

Based on well-documented associations between work exposures and cancer, it has been estimated that four to ten percent of U.S. cancers (48,000 incident cases annually) are caused by on-the-job exposures to carcinogens. Virtually all work exposures can be prevented, however. Carcinogen exposure should be controlled primarily using engineering and process controls. Personal protective equipment (PPE) should only be used as an extension to these other measures. 

Note that the number one OSHA citation listed in Table 9.12 for the oil and gas drilling industry is for noncompliance with 29 CFR 1910.1200, Hazard Communication. The 1984 Bhopal Incident, the ensuing chemical spill, and the resulting tragic deaths and injuries are well known however, the repercussions—the lessons learned—from this incident are not as well known. After Bhopal, a worldwide outcry arose "How could such an incident occur Why wasn t something done to protect the inhabitants Weren t safety measures taken or in place to prevent such a disaster from occurring "... 

Defences are those measures designed to prevent the consequences of a human act or component failure producing an incident. Defences are equipment or procedures for detection, warning, recovery, containment, escape and evacuation, as well as individual awareness and protective equipment. These contributing factors result from inadequate or absent defences that failed to detect and protect the system against technical and human failures. These are the control measures which did not prevent the incident or limit its consequenees. 

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