Fire suppression methods

The objectives of fire suppression systems are to provide cooling, control the fire (i.e., prevent it from spreading) and provide extinguishment of the fire incident. A variety of fire suppression methods are available to protect a facility. Both portable and fixed systems can be used. The effectiveness of all fire extinguishing measures can be determined by the rate of flow of the extinguishing agent and the method or arrangements of delivery. 

Designing plant safety systems so that redundant safety equipment is protected by automatic fire suppression systems and separated from each other and from other plant areas by fire barriers such that a fire would not endanger other safety related equipment required for safe shutdown. Alternate or dedicated shutdown capability should be provided where the protection of safety systems required for safe shutdown is not provided by established fire suppression methods. 

With the use of the rapid fire detection and water deluge, there was no mass fire and the mix was ckrped into water for continued fire suppression. Any fire with RP results in the formation of white phosphorus (WP). WP must be covered with water since it ignites spontaneously when exposed to air. Processing studies were conducted to determine the best methods for pollution abatement since UP/water mixtures are toxic at 29 pob for blue gill bream and since high levels of phosphorus [reported as total phosphorus may not be durped into the environment. 

If the fuel is removed or consumed by the subject combustion process, no more fuel supplies will be available for the combustion process to continue and it will cease. In some cases, a fuel is not literally removed from a fire, but is separated from the oxidization agent. Foam suppression methods are good examples where the a barrier is introduced to remove the fuel from the air (i.e., oxidizer). Storage tanks and pipeline fires can use pump-out methods and inventory isolation, respectively, as methods of fuel removal. 

For means of protection, the use of water based suppression systems may be a hazard due to the disposal of firewater water, which will freeze quite readily in exposed locations. This may also be the case with exposed hydrocarbon fluid lines that, if isolated, say for an ESD activation, may freeze up due to lack of circulation. This will hamper restart operations for the facility. Typical use in the past has been the reliance on gases fire suppression agents for enclosed area, particularly Halon. Other methods include fire water storage tanks that are kept warm, together with fire mains deeply buried and continually circulated. 

Suppression of the increasing fire can be carried out by various methods. The very first method is to cut the supply of fuel to the fire. Fire suppression can also be achieved by blanketing a fire or by covering it with inert solid, foam, thickened water, or covering it with a nonflammable gas such as CO2. The other available method is the dilution of the fuel, if it is a liquid fuel, by adding noncombustible liquid into it and if it is a gas, by adding nonflammable gas. 

Type mission, adjust fire, fire for effect, immediate suppression. Method of target location grid, polar, shift from known point. 

Almost everything in an industrial environment will bum. Metal furniture, machines, plaster, and concrete block walls are usually painted. Most paints and lacquers will easily bum. Therefore, the principal method of fire suppression is passive— the prevention (absence)... 

One of the most important parameters that can be nsed to characterise a fire is the rate of heat release. It provides an indication of the size of the fire, the rate of fire growth and consequently the release of smoke and toxic gases, the time available for escape or suppression, the type of snppressive action that are likely to be effective and other attributes that define the fire hazard. Methods based on the oxygen consumption principle are now available to measnre the rate of heat release reliably and accurately. The principle depends upon the fact that the heats of combustion of organic materials per unit of oxygen consumed are approximately the same. This is because the processes in the combustion of all these prodncts involve the breaking of C-C and C-H bonds (which release approximately the same amonnt of energy) with the formation of CO2 and water. 

The K-.Reactof Flra Ha ifda Aflalvsia (Re 4-24) provides credible fire scenarios within K> Reactor and then evaluates the impact of these potential es on K Reactor and its occupants. The analysis was based on the occupancy of K-Reactor, its configuration of fire suppressant equipment, detection devices and methods, alarms, evacuation plans, constniction, materials, current fire safiMy codes, and fire loading. 

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