Clinical usage

E. Ogston, Antifibrinolytic Drugs Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Usage, ]ohn Wiley Sons, Inc., Chichester, UK, 1984, p. 1. 

Antiepileptic dmg carbamazepine is one of the most prominent dmgs with a long history of clinical usage, and it is frequently found in the environment [8, 17, 18]. 

Some earlier developments and applications of various implantable pH sensors or measurement systems have been reported [128, 129, 130, 131]. However, reliable pH sensors for long-term implantations are still not available, and widespread clinical usage of implantable pH sensors has not been reached. Similar to other implantable sensors, the development of implantable pH microelectrodes, either fully implanted in the body or needle type sensors applied through the skin (percutaneous), has faced serious obstacles including sensor stability deterioration, corrosion, and adverse body reactions [48, 132, 133], Among them, encapsulation to prevent corrosion represents a major challenge for the implantable sensor devices [51]. Failure of encapsulation can cause corrosion damage on internal components, substrate materials, and electrical contacts [48], The dissolution of very thin pH sensitive layers will also limit the stability and lifetime of implantable micro pH sensors. 

In summary, the adverse effects associated with the quinolones appear presently to be mild to moderate in severity and reversible upon discontinuation of therapy. Severe systemic adverse reactions are rare [62], It is suggested that the use of these agents should be avoided, as far as possible, in children and pregnant women and that caution be used in their administration to patients with a seizure disorder or those taking theophylline or warfarin [62]. Articles suggesting the appropriate clinical usage for these important antibacterials have appeared [64],... 

Continued but decreasing number of small molecules, which, in order to gain a place in Clinical usage, will have to satisfy increasingly stringent cost-effectiveness criteria. 

Are particular groups of subjects at risk and should clinical usage be restricted ... 

Ephedrlne, 66 Epinephrine, 95, 241 clinical usage, 63 as neurotransmitter, 62 synthesis, 63 Epithiazide, 359 Eprazinone, 64 Ergosterol, 184 Erytriptamine, 317 Essential fatty acids, 26 Esterases, in drug deactivation, 14... 

Janicak PG, Davis JM. Clinical usage of lithium in mania. In Burrows GD, Norman TR, Davies B, eds. Antimanics, anticonvulsants and other drugs in psychiatry. New York Elsevier, 1987 21-34. 

GO often is used in solution phase chemical reactions as well as being immobilized on dip-sticks and electrodes. Although its overall clinical usage is widespread, its use as conjugated to antibodies in enzyme-linked assay systems is minor compared to the popularity of other enzymes like horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase. 

The mammalian cell culture technique can be employed to produce clinically important biochemicals such as human growth hormones, interferon, plasminogen activator, viral vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies. Traditionally, these biochemicals had been produced using living animals or extracted from human cadavers. As examples, monoclonal antibodies can be produced by cultivating hybridoma cells in the peritoneal cavity of mice, and the human growth hormone to cure dwarfism can be extracted from human cadavers. However, the quantity obtained from these methods is quite limited for the wide clinical usages of the products. 

The fat soluble extract from rye pollen also showed dual inhibition against COX and 5-LOX pathways with IC50 values of 5 pg/ml and 80 pg/ml, respectively. The clinical usage of the pollen extract for benign prostate diseases might due to such dual inhibition activities [200]. 

Y. Guan, E. N. Lewis, and I. W. Levin, Biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy Tissue differentiation and potential clinical usage, in Analytical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy (M. J. Pelletier, ed.), Chap. 7. Blackwell Science, Oxford, England, 1999. 

Uses and actions of essential oils The uses and actions of essential oils are briefly mentioned in the descriptions of the essential oils and are of paramount importance to the aromatherapist. There is a vast amount of published data, some the results of scientific work but much based in traditional folklore and anecdotal accounts. Information is often contradictory and many different oils appear to have the same properties. Information is beyond the scope of this book to go into clinical usage. A chemical or molecular approach is important for understanding properties and safe applications. However, aromatherapy is still an essentially holistic therapy and also needs experience, intuition and partnership between therapist and client. 

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