Prostate cancer case study

Another case-control study, conducted in Jamaica, consisted of 175 newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases and 194 controls. The researchers evaluated the relationship of urinary phytoestrogens with total cancer and tumor grade. ENL was measured from spot urine samples. Higher concentrations of ENL were positively associated with both total prostate cancer (OR 1.85 95% Cl 1.01—3.44 p = 0.027) and high-grade disease (OR 2.46 95% Cl 1.11-5.46 p = 0.023). 

Carotenoids and prostate cancer — Numerous epidemiological studies including prospective cohort and case-control studies have demonstrated the protective roles of lycopene, tomatoes, and tomato-derived products on prostate cancer risk other carotenoids showed no effects. " In two studies based on correlations between plasma levels or dietary intake of various carotenoids and prostate cancer risk, lycopene appeared inversely associated with prostate cancer but no association was reported for a-carotene, P-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, or p-cryptoxanthin. - Nevertheless, a protective role of all these carotenoids (provided by tomatoes, pumpkin, spinach, watermelon, and citrus fruits) against prostate cancer was recently reported by Jian et al. ... 

A number of epidemiologic studies support an association between high fat intake and the risk of prostate cancer. A strong correlation between national per capita fat consumption and national prostate cancer mortality has been reported, and prospective case-control studies suggest that a high-fat diet doubles the risk of prostate cancer. 

In an investigation of caffeine-containing products in 1993, Slattery et al.75 reported on alcohol, coffee, tea, caffeine, and theobromine intake and the risk of prostate cancer in a Utah study. Data were gathered from a population-based sample of 362 newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer and 685 age-matched controls. The Utah population was comprised predominantly of members of the Church of Jesus Christ Latter-Day Saints. The researchers found that pack-years of cigarettes smoked and consumption of alcohol, coffee, tea, and caffeine were not associated with prostate cancer risk, but found some possible correlation with increased theobro-... 

Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Whittemore AS et al. (2000), Vegetables, fruits, legumes, and prostate cancer A multiethnic case-control study, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9 795-804. 

Oliver, SE, D Gunnell, J Donovan et al. 2004. Screen-detected prostate cancer and the insulin-like growth factor axis results of a population-based case-control study (United States). Int J Cancer 108(6) 887-892. 

A case control study of four plants where DMF was produced or used showed no statistically significant association between ever having been exposed to DMF and subsequent development of cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx, liver, prostate, and testes and malignant melanoma. Although prostate cancer was significantly elevated at one plant when examined by plant site, it did not appear to be related to exposure level or duration. 

Porterfield, H. UsToo PC-SPES surveys review of studies and update of previous survey results. Mol Urol 2000 4(3) 289-291. de la Taille, A., O. R. Hayek, M. Burchardt, T. Burchardt, and A. E. Katz. Role of herbal compounds (PC-SPES) in hormone-refractory prostate cancer two case reports. J Altern Complement Med 2000 6(5) 449-451. 

A nested case-control study within a cohort of rubber workers in the United States was performed to examine the relationship between exposure to solvents and the risk of cancer (Checkoway et al., 1984 Wilcosky et al., 1984). The cohort consisted of 6678 male rubber workers who either were active or retired between 1964 and 1973. The cases comprised all persons with fatal stomach cancer (n = 30), respiratory system cancer (z7 = 101), prostate cancer ( = 33), lymphosarcoma (n = 9) or lymphocytic leukaemia (z7 = 10). These sites were chosen because they were those at which cancers had been found to be in excess in an earlier cohort analysis (McMichael et al., 1976). The controls were a 20% age-stratified random sample of the cohort (z = 1350). Exposure was classified from a detailed work history and production records. An association was observed between exposure for one year or more to carbon tetrachloride and lymphocytic leukaemia (odds ratio (OR), 15.3 / < 0.0001, based on eight exposed cases) and lymphosarcoma (OR, 4.2 p < 0.05, based on six exposed cases) after adjusting for year of birth. The relative risk associated with 24 solvents was examined and levels of exposure were not reported. [The Working Group noted that overlapping exposures limit the ability to draw conclusions regarding carbon tetrachloride.]... 

In a case-control study within a cohort of 6678 rubber workers in the United States (lARC, 1987) (Wilcosky et al., 1984), one of the substances assessed was xylene, which was analysed as a potential risk factor in relation to each of five cancer types. There were somewhat increased odds ratios (OR) for prostate cancer (OR, 1.5 n = 8), lymphosarcoma (OR, 3.7 n = 4 p < 0.05) and lymphatic leukaemia (OR, 3.3 n = 4). [The Working Group noted that workers were typically exposed to multiple exposures.]... 

To complicate further the relationship between ALA and prostate cancer risk, Mannisto et al. (2003) reported that prostate cancer risk and ALA decrease when smokers were included in the model. This suggests that factors other than diet need to be considered in the models for determining causative relationships. Case-controlled studies also provide conflicting conclusions regarding the role of ALA in prostate cancer. For a complete review of these studies, see Bougnoux and Chajes (2003). 

Kilkkinen, A., Virtamo, J., Virtanen, M.J., Adlercreutz, H., Albanes, D., and Pietinen, P. 2003b. Serum enterolactone concentration is not associated with prostate cancer risk in a nested case control study. Cancer Epid Bio. Prey. 12, 1209-1212. 

Mannisto, S., Pietinen, P., and Virtanen, M J. 2003. Fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer in a nested case-control study in male smokers. Cancer Epidmol. Biomarkers. Prev. 12, 1422-1428. 

Statin, P., Adlercreutz, H., Tenkanen, L., Jellum, E., Lumme, S., Hallmans, G., Harvei, S., Teppo, L., Stumpf, K., Luostarinew, T., Lehtinen, M., Dillner, M., et al. 2002. Circulating enterolactone and prostate cancer risk A Nordic nested case-control study. Int. J. Cancer 99, 124-129. 

Rao, A.V., Fleshner, N., and Agarwal, S. 1999. Serum and tissue lycopene and biomarkers of oxidation in prostate cancer patients A case-control study. Nutr. Cancer 33, 159-162. 

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