Prostate cancer against

PA S1 S01.251 Prostase Proposed for use in vaccine strategies against prostate cancer... 

Phytosterols have been demonstrated as being anti-cancer components in the diet (Awad and Fink 2000). Scientific studies indicate that phytosterols may offer profection against colon, breast and prostate cancers (Vanderhaeghe and Bouic, 2000). The possible mechanisms, as reported by these authors, include the effect of phytosterols on membrane structure and function and on the signal transduction pathways that regulate tumor growth and apoptosis. The rice bran derived phytosterol-cycloartenol-ferulic acid ester on the central nervous system has been studied by Hiraga et al. (1993). 

Carotenoids and prostate cancer — Numerous epidemiological studies including prospective cohort and case-control studies have demonstrated the protective roles of lycopene, tomatoes, and tomato-derived products on prostate cancer risk other carotenoids showed no effects. " In two studies based on correlations between plasma levels or dietary intake of various carotenoids and prostate cancer risk, lycopene appeared inversely associated with prostate cancer but no association was reported for a-carotene, P-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, or p-cryptoxanthin. - Nevertheless, a protective role of all these carotenoids (provided by tomatoes, pumpkin, spinach, watermelon, and citrus fruits) against prostate cancer was recently reported by Jian et al. ... 

Jian, L. et al.. Do dietary lycopene and other carotenoids protect against prostate cancer Int. J. Cancer, 113, 1010, 2005. 

S. R. Khan, S. R. Denmeade, In vivo Activity of a PSA-Activated Doxorubicin Prodrug against PSA-Producing Human Prostate Cancer Xenografts , Prostate 2000, 45, 80-83. 

There has been some concern that the recently observed decline in sperm quality may be related to exposure to environmental estrogens (Sharpe and Skakkebaek, 1993) and at the same time there has been speculation that these estrogenic compounds may exert inhibitory effects against prostate cancer (Kurzer, 2002). Theoretically, exposure to high levels of dietary estrogens could alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men, but dietary studies to date have not shown such an hormonal effects. 

In September 2007, the EMEA approved the use of trabectidin against ovarian cancer (OC) and STS. In November 2009, Yondelis received its second marketing authorization from the European Commission for its administration in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil, Caelyx) for the treatment of women with relapsed ovarian cancer presently, trabectedin (36) is under Phase II trials for the treatment of paediatric sarcomas as well as breast and prostate cancers. The European Commission and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have granted orphan drug status to trabectedin for soft tissue sarcomas and... 

The possible protective effect of isoflavonoids against prostate cancer has recently been reviewed and it is of particular interest that equol may be a novel antiandrogen that inhibits prostate growth and hormone feedback in rat studies. The role of isoflavonoids in the prevention of breast cancer is, however, the main focus of the next section of this chapter. 

Postmenopausal women may well benefit in terms of protection against heart disease and osteoporosis, from estrogen replacement therapeutics strategies that utilize isoflavonoids. Older men may also benefit from protection against problems such as prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease. 

Trials of therapeutic vaccination against prostate cancer used OncoVax-P (Jenner Biotherapies, Inc, San Ramon, California). OncoVax-P consists of 200 pg monophosphoryl lipid A (similar to that used in Detox) added to 1 ml liposomes and 100 pg PSA (prostate-specific antigen). Patients received injections by different routes (intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous) according to the trial, with or without GM-CSF, IL-2 or BCG and cyclophosphamide pretreatment. No serious side effects were seen. DTH and antibody responses were achieved. Vaccination increased the PSA-reactive T cell frequency as determined by IFN-y secretion, but no toxicity against PSA-expressing target cells was detected. The most effective strategy could not be determined, and no conclusion about the clinical efficacy of the treatment was possible [214,215],... 

The study on prostate cancer (Table 20.7) found no association between prostate cancer risk with any of the analyzed flavonoids [Bosetti et al., 2006]. Although some flavonoids showed a favorable effect against prostate cancer [Magee and Rowland, 2004], the results from epidemiological studies are inconsistent. A recent prospective study from Japan found that isoflavone... 

Lycopene Antioxidant, may protect against prostate cancer Pink grapefruit, tomatoes, watermelon... 

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