Propionibacterium

Lactic acid-producing bacteria associated with fermented dairy products have been found to produce antibiotic-like compounds caUed bacteriocins. Concentrations of these natural antibiotics can be added to refrigerated foods in the form of an extract of the fermentation process to help prevent microbial spoilage. Other natural antibiotics are produced by Penicillium wqueforti the mold associated with Roquefort and blue cheese, and by Propionibacterium sp., which produce propionic acid and are associated with Swiss-type cheeses (3). 

Micrococcus sp. Propionibacterium eae P. freundenreichii Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonasfragi P. fluorescens P.sp. 

In anaerobic (or more correcdy, almost anaerobic or microaerophilic) bacteria such as Propionibacterium shermanii a fundamental difference occurs in that the cobalt atom is introduced at a much earlier stage, possibly to precorrin-2 or precorrin-3 A. 

Nocardia rugosa Propionibacterium arabinosum Propionibacteriumfreudenreichii Propionibacterium pentosaceum Propionibacterium peterssoni Propionibacterium shermanii Propionibacterium technicum Propionibacterium vannielli Protaminobacter ruber Pseudomonas denitrificans Bhi bium meliloti Bhodopseudomonas capsulata Bhodopseudomonas spheroides Strigomonas oncopelti Streptomyces aureofaciens Streptomyces griseus Streptomyces olivaceus... 

The immobilised cell reactor (ICR) experiments were undertaken to determine the performance of immobilised Propionibacterium acidipropionici in a plug-flow tubular reactor. The... 

Table 8.2. ICR kinetic model for immobilised Propionibacterium acidipropionici...

Najfpour, G.D., Propionic and Acetic Acid Fermentation using Propionibacterium acidipropionici in Batch and Continuous Culture , Ph.D. thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 1983. 

It kills the Propionibacterium acnes bacterium that causes acne... 

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) Propionibacterium freudenreichii Propionibacterium shermanii Pseudomonas denitriTicans Treatment of pernicious anaemia... 

Benz M, B Schink, A Brune (1998) Humic acid reduction by Propionibacterium freudenreichii and other fermenting bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 4507-4512. 

R. Goodacre, D.B. Kell and G. Bianchi, Rapid identification of species using pyrolysis mass spectrometry and artificial neural networks of propionibacterium acnes isolated from dogs. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 76 (1994) 124-134. 

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), an anaerobic organism, is also found in the normal flora of the skin. This bacteria proliferates in the mixture of sebum and keratinocytes and can result in an inflammatory response producing a closed comedo or whitehead. More severe acne lesions such as pustules, papules, and nodules can also form with inflammatory acne and result in significant scarring if treated inadequately (Fig. 62-2). 

Goodacre, R. Howell, S. A. Noble, W. C. Neal, M. J. Sub-species discrimination using pyrolysis mass spectrometry and self-organising neural networks of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from normal human skin. Zbl. Bakt.-Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Virol. Parasitol. Infect. Dis. 1996,284, 501-515. 

Studies of this enzyme (EC 5.3.1.13) were first reported by Volk,131-133 and later by Lim and Cohen.134 It is noteworthy that this enzyme reaction is reversible. The 41-fold purification of the enzyme from cells of Propionibacterium pentosaceum, using conventional procedures, has been reported.133... 

Bacterial pigments. Some bacteria commonly found in caries lesions are known to produce pigments. For example, the black staining of plaque is related with Actinomyces (Slots, 1974), but its chemical nature remains unknown. Black pigmented Prevotella produces both iron sulphide and heme pigments (Shah et ah, 1979). In addition, Propionibacterium forms porphyrins (Lee et al., 1978). Bacterial iron-binding peptides, which can contribute to discoloration, increase in the saliva of subjects with a high caries frequency (Nordh, 1969). 

Lee WLS, Shalita AR and Poh-Fitzpatrick MB (1978) Comparative studies of porphyrin production in Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulo-sum. J Bacteriol 133, 811-815. 

Dreier J, Amantea E, Kellenberger L, Page MGP. (2007) Activity of the novel macrolide BAL19403 against ribosomes from erythromycin-resistant Propionibacterium acnes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 4361-4365. 

Bacteria from the genera Lactobacillus and Streptococcus are involved in the first steps of dairy production (3). The raw materials produced by their effects usually only acquire their final properties after additional fermentation processes. For example, the characteristic taste of Swiss cheese develops during a subsequent propionic acid fermentation. In this process, bacteria from the genus Propionibacterium convert pyruvate to propionate in a complex series of reactions (2). 

Certain enzymes catalyze their reactions by way of a multisite mechanism in which the covalently linked intermediate is attached to a long arm that swings from one subsite to another subsite within the enzyme. In some cases, the covalently tethered intermediate can actually be transferred between subunits that form the active site. An example is Propionibacterium shermanii transcarboxylase an enzyme that catalyzes the biotin-dependent conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA and pyruvate to propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. Carboxylated biotin allows the two catalytic subsites to operate on the same reaction intermediate. 

Lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin) are representatives of a very small group of drugs synthesized up of an amino acid bound to an amino sugar. Lincosamides bind with the 50 S ribosomal subunit of bacteria and inhibit protein synthesis. They also inhibit pep-tidyltransferase action. Lincosamides are bacteriostatic antibiotics however, when they reach a certain level in the plasma, they also exhibit bactericidal action against some bacteria. Lincosamides are highly active against anaerobic infections such as Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, and Clostridium fringens, a few types of Peptococcus and Clostridium. 

Table 9.1 Test data methylmalonyl-coenzyme A epimerase from Propionibacterium shermanii...

Propionic acid has been obtained by the fermentation of sucrose, as well as of many other carbohydrate materials, by a suitable strain of Propionibacterium in yields of about 60%. Studies have been made on... 

Benzoyl peroxide is a keratolytic drug. It has bacteriostatic activity against Propionibacterium acnes. Initial irritation is common. Rarely, contact sensitivity occurs. Potassium permanganate is used for the same indications. 

Antibiotics are used in dermatology for both infectious and noninfectious skin eruptions. Noninfectious skin eruptions, such as acne vulgaris and acne rosacea, are often treated with systemic antibiotics. The mechanism of action is not clear, although tetracycline inhibits lipases derived from resident flora in the sebaceous follicle Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium ac-nes). These lipases cleave irritating fatty acids from triglycerides in sebum, presumably contributing to cutaneous inflammation. 

Some of the prenylated and lavandulylated flavanones from S. flavescens, kushenols P-S, exhibited significant antibacterial activities against the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis. Bacillus subtilis, and Propionibacterium acnes. They also exhibited antiandrogenic activities. Kurarinone (114), 2 -(9-methylkurarinone (115), and the known sophoraflavanone G and leachianone A from the roots of S, flavescens, which all have 8-lavandulyl substitution and 2, 4 -di-(9-substitution of the B-ring, exhibited cytotoxic activity... 

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