Profitability definition

Profit (as referred to above) is the difference between the total cash revenue from sales and the total of all costs and other expenses incurred in making those sales. With this definition, Eq. (9-124) can be further expanded to... 

Static and Flexible Budgets Overhead cost can significantly affect the profitability of a projec t and is the only cost outside the control of the project manager. The project is expected to contribute a definite amount toward the expenses of the company and will be charged this amount even if the production rate is zero. This is the fixecTcomponent of the overhead cost and will include directly allocable costs such as depreciation and a proportion of general costs such as office salaries and heating. 

Although it is very difficult and probably of little value to produce an adequate definition of the word plastics , it is profitable to consider the chemical structure of known plastics materials and try to see if they have any features in common. 

Improvement in business performance is essential for growth and profit, but the ISO/TS 16949 requirements are not concerned with your growth and profits they are concerned with product quality, and one definition of product quality that signals improvement potential is freedom from defects . Achieving quality become a quest to eliminate defects and in so doing reduces variation in the operational processes, but even when there are no defectives, there will still be variation. One might well question the need to reduce variation when there are no defectives but by reducing variation you will have fewer breakdowns, fewer errors, less space allocated to inventory, less waste, etc. in fact fewer problems and increased profit as a result. 

Rate of return ROR % Measures performance of capital Takes no account of timing of cash flows Dependent on definition of income (profit) and investment... 

The problem with the payout period is that it does not consider the timing of the payments or the profits earned by the plant after the payout period is over. To illustrate the importance of the former, suppose a plant has the same prestartup expenses as the one in Example 10-3. Assume it has a profit of 5,000,000 per year for the first 5 years and from then on earns 7,000,000 per year. The payout time for this plant is 5 years, the same as for the plant in Example 10-3. The return on investment of the two mature plants is the same. Yet this proposed plant has a definite advantage over the one in Example 10-3. This is illustrated in the following example. 

Commercial Testing. The commercial test lab is by definition, in the business of testing. The satisfaction of its customers is paramount. Quality service and responsiveness holds old customers and attracts new ones. Getting dependable data fast is important, but here cost is critical. In a competitive market, the ability of LIMS to bring down the effective cost per test means more profit and/or the ability to keep or increase one s market share by lowering prices. 

We can conclude that the continuous-time STN and RTN models based on the definition of global time points are quite general. They are capable of easily accommodating a variety of objective functions such as profit maximization or makespan minimization. However, events taking place during the time horizon such as multiple due dates and raw material receptions are more complex to implement given that the exact position of the time points is unknown. 

The definition of the cost model is of crucial importance for controlling the behavior of the S N P optimizer. One of the central questions is whether to maximize service level, which usually means using high penalties for non and late delivery, or to maximize profits, which requires the use of realistic sale prices. In the case study scenario, the nondelivery cost levels reflect real sale prices sufficiently close to enable a profit maximization logic. 

Many definitions of sustainable agriculture are reported by literature, but all are related to the basic concept of a profitable crop production with no environmental pollution and depletion of farm and natural resources, including effects on soil, water, and biodiversity (Doran 2002 Francis et al. 2006). Soil solarization seems to fit the fundaments of sustainable agriculture as providing an effective and environmentally safe control of many soilbome pests and more competitive market positions and higher prices to pesticide-free products. 

To continue, an appropriate definition of integrated value chain management has to combine the characteristics of simultaneously managing volumes and values throughout the entire value chain in order to ensure companies profitability. Therefore, value chain management has to be defined in this work. 

The value objective function is oriented at the company s profit and loss definitions. Guiding principle is to only use value parameters that can be found in the cost controlling of the company signed by controlling. Penalty costs and without currency and weighting factors being applied to steer optimization results but having no actual financial impact - as it can be often found in supply chain optimization models - do not meet this requirement. 

As Skinner has pointed out [7], there is no evidence for the existence of BFyH20 in the gas phase at ordinary temperatures, and the solid monohydrate of BF3 owes its stability to the lattice energy thus D(BF3 - OH2) must be very small. The calculation of AH2 shows that even if BFyH20 could exist in solution as isolated molecules at low temperatures, reaction (3) would not take place. We conclude therefore that proton transfer to the complex anion cannot occur in this system and that there is probably no true termination except by impurities. The only termination reactions which have been definitely established in cationic polymerisations have been described before [2, 8], and cannot at present be discussed profitably in terms of their energetics. It should be noted, however, that in systems such as styrene-S C/4 the smaller proton affinity of the dead (unsaturated or cyclised) polymer, coupled, with the greater size of the anion and smaller size of the cation may make AHX much less positive so that reaction (2) may then be possible because AG° 0. This would mean that the equilibrium between initiation and termination is in an intermediate position. 

Whichever interpretation is correct, Kalecki s silence on the labour theory of value leaves open the theoretical possibility that its relevance can be fruitfully explored. To relate Kalecki s model of reproduction to Marx s theory, a reconfiguration is required of the definition of profits. The problem, as we have seen, is that Kalecki s model requires a gross definition of profits that is different from Marx s category of surplus value. The Kalecki principle has not been precisely demonstrated in the context of Marx s reproduction schema, in which surplus value is the key category of analysis. 

Following the approach worked out in Chapter 3, Table 4.1 shows that in the Kalecki-type formulation profits in each sector are defined in gross terms, consisting of expenditure on the replacement of existing constant capital and its expansion (C, + e/C.) whereas in Table 4.2 profits (/() are defined in net terms (dC, + dV,). The latter definition of profits is consistent with Marx s interpretation, with the total increment of capital identical to the volume of surplus value, after accounting for the replacement of current inputs of constant and variable capital. 

Hence, Foley (1982 42) argues, the most central of Marx s claims about the transformation of values into prices of production, that profit arises from unpaid labour time, is sustained. .. A direct correspondence is established between surplus value and money profits. This holds regardless of how prices are determined, including the Sraffian price equation (8.2). Moreover, prices can systematically deviate from values without damaging this aggregate relationship. Even if the money price of goods consumed by workers deviates from the labour embodied in these commodities, which Foley argues renders the traditional labour embodied definition of the VLP irrelevant, the value-form definition of VLP is completely operational. 

Under (8.5), Marx s invariance postulate between total profits and surplus value is therefore established, with the value of money as the mediating coefficient. And in place of the equality between total value and price, a new invariance postulate is suggested in (8.3) between total labour-time and money value added. A coherent defence of Marx s labour theory of value is developed by abandoning the second invariance postulate and the labour embodied definition of the value of labour power (see Foley 1982 43). 

Although it is traditional in Marxian frameworks for capitalists to initiate the circulation of money with an advance of constant and variable capital, our previous discussion, in Chapter 4, showed that there are a number of ways in which the circulation of money can be modelled. In the single swap approach all of income is advanced in the Franco-Italian circuit approach only the wage bill is advanced in Nell s mutual exchange approach only wages in the capital goods sector are advanced. Our contribution has been to suggest, under the Kalecki principle (first introduced in Chapter 3), that capitalists advance an amount of money sufficient to realize their profits. This model is predicated on the definition of investment as accumulation of constant and variable capital. 

Following the interpretation of the Kalecki principle in Chapter 3, profits and investment are defined in net terms. This approach is consistent with Marx s category of surplus value, in contrast to the gross definition of profits adopted by Kalecki. 

In the SPE/WPC scheme, reserves are classified according to the probability with which they can be produced into proved , probable and possible reserves. Under these definitions, proved reserves are those with a probability of at least 90% (P90) that the estimated volumes can be produced profitably proved plus probable reserves are required to have at least 50% probability (P50), while proved plus probable plus possible reserves are based on a probability of at least 10% (P10). 

A. Oh, I certainly do think it is profitable. Yes, I definitely think that it is profitable. 

Nowhere is the effect of anthropogenic stress felt more than in the development of natural resources of the Earth. Natural resources are varied in nature and often require definition. Eor example, in relation to mineral resources, for which there is also descriptive nomenclature (ASTM C294), the terms related to the available quantities of the resource must be defined. In this instance, the term resource refers to the total amount of the mineral that has been estimated to be available ultimately. The term reserves refers to well-identified resources that can profitably be extracted and utilized by means of existing technology. In many countries, fossil fuel resources are often classified as a subgroup of the total mineral resources. 

However, process spectroscopy is, almost by definition, done to measure and control an industrial process. Most of the work is driven by business needs, such as improving profits or product quality. In competitive business environments, firms preserve every advantage possible by protecting valuable measurement systems... 

---