Cost penalty

Both vacuum operation and the use of refrigeration incur capital and operating cost penalties and increase the complexity of the design. They should be avoided if possible. For a first pass through... 

It might be possible to reduce the inventory significantly by changing reactor conversion and recycle inert concentration without a large cost penalty if the cost optimization profiles are fairly flat. 

Subsequent separation of this solvent imposes substantial capital and operating cost penalties. A Bayer AG patent (37) claims use of a solvent in which DNT is soluble, but in which the TDA is practically insoluble. This allows separation and recycle of the solvent to the reactor without any distillation process. 

CONDITION MONITORING OUTPUTS Loss in Compressor Flow Through Put Loss in Compressor Pressure Ratio Fuel Cost Penalty Projected Increase in Fuel Cost After One Month Operation Surge Point Deterioration Trend and Anticipated Outage Date... 

Hence for good separation, R must be kept small as possible (thin cylinder) in order that high speeds may be used, but this inevitably induces a cost penalty (area volume). 

Deposit control is important because porous deposits, under the influence of heat flux, can induce the development of high concentrations of boiler water solutes far above their normally beneficial bulk values with correspondingly increased corrosion rates. This becomes an increasingly important feature with increase in boiler saturation temperature. In addition, deposits can cause overheating owing to loss of heat transfer. Finally, carryover of boiler water solutes, which can be either mechanical or chemical, can lead to consequential corrosion in the circuit, either on-load or off-load. Material so transported can result in corrosion reactions far from its point of origin, with costly penalties. It is therefore preferably dealt with by a policy of prevention rather than cure. 

Motion film has been moving from acetate to PET because the tensile strength is better and the product is more durable. Going to PET has no cost penalty in comparison with acetate. Kodak uses a huge volume of... 

If the capital cost of new heat transfer area is expressed in the form of Equation 18.6, then this will lead to poor retrofit projects. The problem with Equation 18.6 is that the optimization is likely to spread the new heat transfer area in the network in many locations, without incurring a cost penalty associated with the many modifications that would result. To ensure that new heat transfer area is not spread around throughout the existing heat exchanger network, a capital cost correlation should be used that is of the form ... 

Rhone-Poulenc/Melle Bezons A process for making acetic acid by oxidizing acetaldehyde with oxygen in air. Removal of the nitrogen would incur a cost penalty. 

Since the liquid must be cooled if it is sent to the surge tank and then reheated in the vaporizer, there is an energy cost penalty associated with sending more material to the surge tank than is absolutely necessary. Your level control system shonld therefore hold both levels and also minimize the amount of material sent t o the surge lank. (Hint One way to accomplish this is to make sure that the valves in the lines to and from the surge tank cannot be opened simultaneously.)... 

Like ANNs, SVMs can be useful in cases where the x-y relationships are highly nonlinear and poorly nnderstood. There are several optimization parameters that need to be optimized, including the severity of the cost penalty , the threshold fit error, and the nature of the nonlinear kernel. However, if one takes care to optimize these parameters by cross-validation (Section 12.4.3) or similar methods, the susceptibility to overfitting is not as great as for ANNs. Furthermore, the deployment of SVMs is relatively simpler than for other nonlinear modeling alternatives (such as local regression, ANNs, nonlinear variants of PLS) because the model can be expressed completely in terms of a relatively low number of support vectors. More details regarding SVMs can be obtained from several references [70-74]. 

Considering the remote location of JACADS, the problems involved in coordinating multiple contractors on the island, and the time and cost penalties inherent in educating another contractor, continuation of the operating contract (with appropriate changes to accommodate closure) appears to be justified. With the benefit of the lessons learned at JACADS, the use of another operations contractor to perform site closure at continental U.S. sites should be considered. The best strategy to employ will depend on site-specific considerations. 

The CEEPES (1993, 1994) and NAPIAP (1992) studies show a higher yield and herbicide cost penalty for loss of atrazine or the triazines on sorghum than on com. This is due to the fact that there are fewer substitute herbicides registered for use on sorghum. 

Optimal control theory A method for determining the optimum laser field used to maximize a desired product of a chemical reaction. The optimum field is derived by maximizing the objective function, which is the sum of the expectation value of the target operator at a given time and the cost penalty function for the laser field, under the constraint that quantum states of the reactants satisfy the Schrodinger equation. 

The first term on the right-hand side of this equation, ( W(tf)) = (f(tf) W f(tf)), is the expectation value of the target operator W at the final time tf. The second term represents the cost penalty function for the laser pulses with a time-dependent weighting factor Ait). The third term represents the constraint that the wave function fit) should satisfy the time-dependent Schrodinger equation with a given initial condition. Here i=(t) is the time-dependent Lagrange multiplier. 

The steam turbines require one-third the energy of An electric motor. Each refrigeration unit has a different horsepower/ton characteristic, which also depends upon ambient conditions. There are hard constraints on compressor loads and cost penalties (soft constraints) on electrical load. Steam, refrigeration, compressed air, and electrical loads to the plant vary continually. While the author does not suggest that the optimum operating and control strategy is known, he does imply that a computer control system is the only way to operate the plant in an optimum manner. 

The first step in this procedure is to perform an analysis of a working design of the system in order to obtain values for the unit cost of the process stream, A, and the entropy cost penalty function, As. In turn unit costs are used to optimize the column. 

Increased capital cost penalty to decomposition process (25% over Claus) ( 8.00)... 

For refineries and production equipment, pipe is purchased according to an ASTM(3) or API specification, and supplementary requirements are vary rarely added. Supplementary requirements for pipelines are almost always included because pipelines consist of miles of identical material specifications can thus be tailored to the job needs in dimensions, chemistry, and mechanical properties. When the pipeline is to be purchased in large tonnages, supplementing the API specification usually entails little or no cost penalty when using competitive bidding. 

The large effect of electricity price on H2 production costs is readily apparent in Fig. 3, which breaks down H2 production cost by electrolysis plant cost factors. The cost of electricity accounts for greater than 80% of H2 production costs across the range of electrolyser capacity factors. One of the criticisms to the application of PV electricity to electrolytic H2 production is its intermittent supply, which lowers the utilization capacity factor of electrolysers and increases H2 production cost. The low electrolyser capacity factor cost penalty is evaluated in Fig. 3. Over the 25-95% range in electrolyser capacity factors presented in Fig. 3, the H2 production cost of an electrolysis plant with a 25% capacity factor is approximately 11% higher than the H2 production cost of an electrolysis plant with a 95% capacity factor. In other... 

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