Freedom from defects

Improvement in business performance is essential for growth and profit, but the ISO/TS 16949 requirements are not concerned with your growth and profits they are concerned with product quality, and one definition of product quality that signals improvement potential is freedom from defects . Achieving quality become a quest to eliminate defects and in so doing reduces variation in the operational processes, but even when there are no defectives, there will still be variation. One might well question the need to reduce variation when there are no defectives but by reducing variation you will have fewer breakdowns, fewer errors, less space allocated to inventory, less waste, etc. in fact fewer problems and increased profit as a result. 

Crystals are essential both for fundamental studies of solids and for fabrication of devices. The ideal requirements are large size, high purity and maximum perfection (freedom from defects). It may also be necessary to incorporate selective impurities (dopants) during growth in order to achieve required electronic properties. A number of methods are available for growing crystals (Table 3.7) and the subject has been reviewed extensively in the literature (Laudise, 1970 Banks Wold, 1974 Mrocz-kowski, 1980 Honig Rao, 1981). 

In the SOFC, the thickness of the electrolyte layer is a vital consideration, as is any additional biconductor interface 20-50 jtm is referred to as a thick electrolyte film, a design compromise between the minimisation of electrical losses and freedom from defects. Thin films may go down to nanometres and are more difficult to make without defects. Global Thermoelectric (Kuo etal., 1999) is in SOFC production at 6 xm and InDEC (Section 4.12) at 5 p,m. In the small-tube SOFC the membrane thickness is about half a millimetre. It is difficult to see the latter thickness coming down for improved efficiency to 6 xm, impossibly delicate tubing. 

It is always worth while to pay attention to the quality of welded pipe by quoting the correct specification and by adequate shop inspection. API 5L and ASTM A155 require electric fusion welds to be double side welds, as do DIN 1626 Blatt 3 and Blatt 4 and BS 3601 SFW (spiral weld). ASTM A134, DIN 1626 Blatt 1 and Blatt 2 and BS 3601 EFW, on the other hand, permit single side welds. The quality control measures called for in the specifications permitting single side welds do not guarantee freedom from defects, so they are not suitable for the more severe duties. 

The most important properties besides uniform structure and freedom from defects in selecting a steel for molds are compressive strength, harden-ability, machinability, stability in hardening, and polishability. In the majority of cases, it is possible to work vdth three basic types of mold steel, namely, AISIP20, AISI H13, and AISI01. 

Food and Drug Administration Minimum Standards of Quality—FDA standards of quality are mandatory, as opposed to USDA grade standards of quality, which are voluntary. They have been set for a number of canned fruits to supplement standards of identity, by specifying the minimum acceptable characteristics for such factors as tenderness, color, and freedom from defects. 

Each motor is given a test per NEMA MG 1-20.46 to prove freedom from electrical or mechanical defects and provide assurance that it meets design specifications. This test consists of the following ... 

The manufacture, processing and application of a particular material as an impressed-current anode requires knowledge of several physical characteristics. Knowledge and attention to these characteristics is necessary to design for anode longevity with maximum freedom from electrical and mechanical defects. 

All U. S. Standards for grades of citrus products take into account, with a score point system, the degree of freedom that the product has from defects. The higher grade of products must be "practically free of defects," while the lower grades must be "reasonably free from defects" (19). 

Secondly, globalized production cannot work unless aU elements of the company s global operations fit together without error. Thus, new production systems based on pervasive computer-mediated design and manufacturing can assemble parts from up and down the supply chain without first-time errors of fit. Modern civil and military aircraft production give prime examples of this freedom from physical error. In a customer-oriented system, any over-cost or delayed delivery is an error with the same effects on company performance as a defective product. The implication for test and inspection is that we must be able to measure these customer needs and convert them into measurable precursors of error states. 

Quality has multiple meanings. It consists of those product features that meet the need of customers and thereby provide customer satisfaction. Quality consists of freedom from deficiencies or, in other words, absence of defects (Drake 1999). There are different types of defects that may appear upon some manufacturing process such as porosity, crack formation, and surface roughness. 

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