Carotenoid compounds

The food matrix including its fiber and lipid content and concentrations of other carotenoids in the diet may influence the extent of absorption of carotenoid compounds. The relative absorption of lutein from a mixed vegetable diet was lower than from a diet containing pure lutein. A mixed preparation of lutein and zeaxanthin did not influence the absorption of P-carotene. 

Carotenoids are probably the best known of the colorants and certainly the largest group of pigments produced in nature with an annual production estimated at 100,000,000 tons. Most of this is fucoxanthin produced by algae in the ocean and the three main pigments, lutein, violaxanthin and neoxanthin in green leaves.10 Over 600 carotenoid compounds have been reported. 

The colour of the mature paprika is caused by carotene and carotenoid compounds, which can be found in pericarpal tissue. The pod when it is finished growing is still green in colour, then during the ripening the green colour slowly turns into red and the mature pod will be purple. 

A large group of isoprenoid lipids, including sterols, terpenes, and carotenoid compounds, are... 

Figure 22-5 Structures and partial biosynthetic pathways for a few of the more than 600 known carotenoid compounds. The origin of some hydrogen atoms from mevalonate is shown, using the numbering for mevalonate. The numbering system for C40 carotenoids is also indicated.

TLC methods were employed to isolate 12 carotenoid compounds by Isaksen and Francis.57 To date, TLC is often used as the first identification step for carotenoids. GC is almost never applied for carotenoid analysis due to carotenoids thermal instability. 

C30 Si-O-Si-C Triacontyl, Bonded, reverse Useful for the separation of carotenoid compounds... 

Oliveira, C., Silva Ferreira, A. C., Mendes Pinto, M., Hogg, T., Alves, F., and Guedes de Pinho, P. (2003). Carotenoid compounds in grapes and their relationship to plant water status. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 5967-5971. 

A great variety of carotenoid compounds occur in photosynthetic bacteria and algae, whereas plants contain only a few carotenoids, i.e, (i-carotene (Figure 9.41), lutein, lycopene, violaxanhin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin- Tomatoes, for example, are unique among plants in that they contain low levels of Ji-carotene but... 

Individual carotenoid compounds — P-carotene, P-apo-8 carotenal (Formula 9.10), apocarotenoic ethyl ester, and canthaxanthin (Formula 9.9) — are synthesized... 

Haeck, H.H., Kralt, T., and van Leeuwen, P.H., Syntheses of carotenoidal compounds. Part 1. Preparation of some substituted polyenes with a cross-conjugation. Reel. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 85, 334, 1966. 

Tomatoes are singled out in another chapter, along with the predominant carotenoid compound lycopene, which is a notable tumor suppressant. 

FIGURE 8.9 Effect of EA network type on of oil-soluble core material (carotenoid compound diffused from the composite film into the bulk oil phase). (From Wongsasulak, S. et ah, Food Res. Int., 40, 249, 2007. With permission.)... 

A large number of carotenoid compounds have been isolated from saffron. Crocins and crocetin have been already mentioned above and are listed in Table 2. a-Carotene (V), p-carotene (VI), lycopene (VII), zeaxanthin (VIII), phytoene (IX), phytofluene (X) are the minor ones [22]. Straubinger et al [23] have reported the identification of four novel glycoconjugated carotenoid breakdown products of saffron that are the P D-glucosides of (4R)-4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone, (4S)-4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone and (4S)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone as well as the P-D-gentiobiosyl ester of 2-methyl-6-oxohepta-2,4-dienoic acid. 

Carotenoids represent one of the broadest groups of natural antioxidants (over 600 characterized structurally) with significant biological effects and numerous industrial applications. Lycopene is a typical acyclic carotene that serves as a starting metabolite for formation of carotenoid derivatives via specific routes (p-carotene, torulene, etc.). Xanthophylls include hydroxy-, methoxy- oxo-, epoxy-, carboxy-, and aldehydic groups (torularhodin, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, etc.), which results in a broad structural variety of carotenoid compounds. 

No adverse effects and no accumulation of carotenoid compounds (bixin and norbixin) were observed in rats orally administered diets of 0.1% of annatto extracts containing primarily bixin or norbixin daily for 52 weeks (Philip 1981). 

FIGURE 5. Photokinetics and peak native CL elicited during phagocytosis of two distinct species of bacteria under identical conditions. S. lutea contains 02 quenching carotenoid compounds which may account for the emission pattern. Brackets represent standard deviation. 

The intramuscular injection of the carotenoid compound, crocetin, in rabbits fed an athero-... 

SRM 3280 is a non-eommercial batch of multi-element multi-vitamin tablets produced aeeording to a contracting manufacture s normal procedures. NIST scientists tested and certified the concentrations of 24 elements and 17 vitamins and carotenoid compounds in the tablets. 

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