Product Trees

Fig. 16.1 Homestead - a source of multiple products (trees, vegetables, cows, chicken)... 

The chemical value chain shown in fig. 26 results into a product tree over multiple steps starting from the oil refinery and a steam-cracker, chemical products are processed over multiple steps with increasing variety and complexity by adding further substances or additives. The chemical product tree is often reflected in the production structure of chemical produc-... 

This classification correlates with the chemical value chain and the product tree. Products produced in early stages of the product value chain are rather commodity-type products, while products produced in the very late stage of the value chain are rather specialty-type products. Commodity and specialty classification is often not straight-forward and can depend on a set of characteristics as shown in table 6 ... 

In basic chemicals, nitrile hydratase and nitrilases have been most successful. Acrylamide from acrylonitrile is now a 30 000 tpy process. In a product tree starting from the addition of HCN to butadiene, nicotinamide (from 3-cyanopyridine, for animal feed), 5-cyanovaleramide (from adiponitrile, for herbicide precursor), and 4-cyanopentanoic acid (from 2-methylglutaronitrile, for l,5-dimethyl-2-piperidone solvent) have been developed. Both the enantioselective addition of HCN to aldehydes with oxynitrilase and the dihydroxylation of substituted benzenes with toluene (or naphthalene) dioxygenase, which are far superior to chemical routes, open up pathways to amino and hydroxy acids, amino alcohols, and diamines in the first case and alkaloids, prostaglandins, and carbohydrate derivatives in the second case. 

We tried to arrive at a representative picture of CCR task performance by having a series of extensive, confidential interviews (based on Flanagan s (1954) CIT) with CCR operators before implementation of the first NMMS modules had started. In each interview a different operator was asked to report on a CCR near miss during the last year and of his own choice, which had not been previously reported. The near miss was then described (as if it were a forced near miss report) in the form of an Incident Production Tree, after which all its root causes were classified according to the RAP model described earlier. After each set of five subsequent interviews the overall pattern of classification results was checked for stability it turned out that the results (i.e. the relative frequencies of classified root causes) after 30 interviews did not differ overall from those of the first 25 therefore the series of interviews was stopped after 35 operators (about two thirds of the available CCR population at the time) had participated. 

Module 5 (Computation) any report (or element of an Incident Production Tree) classified by the Classification Support Programme described above, is automatically added to the database. All database manipulations are... 

An informal test (with only one judge the BUT student) has been performed on the 35 CCR reports from the Reference Database these were not only classified at the coarse level, giving 35 classifications, but also later on the basis of all 35 Incident Production Trees (with a total of 306 classified root causes). It turned out that both overall distributions of relative frequencies of classification results (using all 17 subcategories) were almost identical. 

It was chosen and adapted to illustrate a combination of different types of causes- That is why its complexity, as shown in the Incident Production Tree later on, probably is somewhat higher than that of the average reported near miss. 

Finally, the example given here shows the possibilities of the Incident Production Tree method to go beyond the single near miss originally reported, by adding alternative failure (or recovery) elements if these seem realistic according to the sourcc(s) describing the near miss backgrounds. 

A thorough investigation involving operators, safety coordinator production- and engineering staff resulted in the following verbal description of what had happened the numbers in brackets refer to specific components shown in the graphical description of the same incident, the Incident Production Tree (see figure 1)... 

Incident Production Tree of the Panel Control Near Miss... 

The results of applying the classification model of system failure (see figure 5.2) to the eleven endpoints of the Incident Production Tree in figure 1 show a typical, large variety of classifications. 

FIGURE 9.19 Brachiation along the indole branch of the natural product tree. 

Shellfish and shellfish products. Cereals and cereal products, eggs and egg products, fish and fish products, dairy and dairy products, peanuts and peanut products, soybeans and soybean products, tree nuts and tree nut products, and sulfites (only when lOppm)... 

The olive tree Olea europaea) is the only species of the Oleacea family that produces an edible fruit. The origins of cultivation of this plant are thought to have started about 5,000-6,000 years ago in the eastern Mediterranean and adjacent zones [1]. Olive tree cultivation has now spread throughout many regimis of the world with Mediterranean-like climates such as South Africa, Chile, Australia, and California, and in areas with temperate climates such as New Zealand and Cordoba Province in Argentina. There are approximately 850 million productive olive trees worldwide, covering an area of more than ten million hectares [2,3]. Nevertheless, approximately 98% of the total surface area of oUve tree culture and total productive trees are provided by the Mediterranean area. Annual worldwide olive production is estimated to be more than 18 million tons [2]. 

Figure 9.21 shows a more extensive product tree and this would be the representative of a major chemical company with interests in both the perfumery ingredients and pharmaceutical markets. Perhaps this company was initially interested in the synthesis of vitamins as part of their activity in the pharmaceutical industry. The initial targets were... 

MirHassani, S. and Fani Jahromi, H. Scheduling multi-product tree-structure pipelines. Computers chemical engineering, 35(1) 165-176, 2011. 

Product tree A graphical representation of the product and its SKUs. The tree can also show manufacturing locations and multiple geographic markets for the same or similar SKU. 

Promotion A term used by CGR Management Consultants to describe risk pooling to lower inventories. In promotion, products, product families, or SKUs are moved higher in the product tree (promoted) to concentrate demand. 

The Global Chlor-alkali Industry—Strategic Implications and Impacts Final Report, Volume IV/Product Trees, SRI International Multi-client Project 2437 (1993). 

A firm considers the issue of designing its global network of plants and distribution centers. The firm plans to produce a new product with sales expectations in many countries. The product is composed of many different subassemblies, but requires only one unit per subassembly (i.e., a two level product tree, with level 0 the final product and level 1 all its subassemblies). Subassemblies can be produced in some combination of facilities within the firm s market areas. In order to assemble the final product, distribution centers (DCs) can be located in various countries. To influence the firm s location decision, various governments are willing to grant to it tax incentives and loans with subsidized interest rates that reduce the facility costs. The firm wants to develop a network of plants and DCs that maximizes its discounted after-tax profit over the planning horizon for this product. 

Figure 1.5 Most important product trees derived from ethylene. ...

Forests have been used unsustainably for millennia. Forests have been converted to pasture for livestock, used to smelt ores, or to manufacture timber, tar, and other products. Trees have been turned into charcoal and removed from mountain tops to mine the ores below. Forestry originated in attempts to prevent the overuse of forests. For example, in the eleventh century, William the Conqueror established forest laws governing the usage of vegetation and wild game. 

Some of the most productive trees and highest quality nuts come from small home orchards around the world. 

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