Product ligno-cellulosic

Also, a Spanish company (Abengoa Bioenergy) has developed a process for the conversion of ligno-cellulosic biomass to ethanol based on SSF. A demonstration plant on the basis of wheat and barley straw has been operating in Salamanca since 2006, with an annual production capacity of five million litres of ethanol (Abengoa, 2006). 

The compactness and complexity of (ligno)cellulose makes it much more difficult to attack by enzymes with respect to starch. Therefore, the cost of bioethanol production is higher [23], To be cost competitive with grain-derived ethanol, the enzymes used for biomass hydrolysis must become more efficient and far less expensive. In addition, the presence of non-glucose sugars in the feedstock complicates the fermentation process, because conversion of pentose sugars into ethanol is less efficient than conversion of the hexose sugars. 

The passage from the lst-generation of biofuels, which use agricultural products, to 2 nd-generation biofuels that use all the structural components of plants and trees, e.g., able to process (ligno)cellulose, requires the following developments ... 

Ethanol production from ligno-cellulosic biomass... 

Other compounds that we should consider are those derived from ligno-cellulose. Production of LMW components during oxidation of lignin, a biopolymer found only in terrestrial plants, may be quite high in fresh-waters where the input of ligno-cellulose and other allochthonous DOM is substantial (see Chapter 2). But we know little about LMW byproducts from ligno-cellulose degradation (Benner and Hodson, 1985 Moran and Hodson, 1989). 

The filler is usually "furafil," (a ligno-cellulose by-product of furfural production of Quaker Oats Company), Douglas fir or alder bark, wood particleboard sander dust and/or attapulgite clay. A sulfite paper mill lignin is also used as a filler in the Northwest. Between 50,000 and 60,000 tons of filler were used in phenolic glue mixes per year. 

Constitution.—A study of the hydrolytic products obtained from cellulose indicates that it is a polysaccharose carbohydrate made up of hexose mono-saccharose units and in the hemi-celluloses and probably the ligno-celluloses the units may also be pentose mono-saccharoses. Normal cellulose is probably composed of glucose units only while the hemi-cellulose may contain mannose or galactose units. In regard to... 

With ligno-cellulosic products, we are not dealing with pure carbon. As a result, the needed physical carbon bed must be generated. 

Ligno-cellulosic biomass is a resource from which liquid hydrocarbon fuels potentially may be derived. Pyrolyzing the wood yields gas and liquid products, but a relatively large percentage of the original wood carbon can be lost to a low value char by-product. Furthermore, like the model oxygenates described above, the EHI of the pyrolysis liquid products is substantially less than 1. 

Miihlhausen obtained a much lower yield, and probably, as pointed out by Cross and Bevan, a secondary decomposition took place, and his products, therefore, probably approximate to the derivatives of cellulose rather than to those of ligno-cellulose, the more oxidisable, non-cellulose, or lignone constituents having been decomposed. In fact, he regards his product as cellulose penta-nitrate... 

Abramson, M., Shoseyov, O., and Shani, Z. (2010) Plant cell wall reconstruction toward improved ligno-cellulosic production and processability. Plant Sci., 178 (2), 61-72. 

Carrasquillo-Flores R, Kaldstrdm M, Schiith F, Dumesic JA, Rinaldi R (2013) Mechanocatalytic depolymerization of dry (ligno)cellulose as an entry process for high-yield production of furfurals. ACS Catal 3(5) 993-997... 

The purpose of this volume is to highlight several recent research efforts to discover and to develop selective, catalytic reactions and processes for the cmiver-sion of ligno-cellulosic and plant oil-derived feedstocks to value-added chemicals. The value of catalytic chemical processes lies in their reduced energy consumption and potentially increased efficiency and product selectivity, which minimize environmental and societal impacts. Selectivity is especially important for the preparation of commodity and specialty chemical and materials where single compounds are usually needed, unlike fuel production where mixtures of high energy compounds (e.g., gasoline and diesel) are useable. 

Starches Wheat Potatoes Maize,. .. Ligno-cellulosic products Wood Straws,. .. Animals Casein Whey Coiagen/Geiatin Plant Zein Soya Giuten 1 Poiy(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) Poiy(hydroxybutyrate co-hydroxyvaierate) (PHBV),. .. 1 Polylactic acid (PLA) - Polyesteramides - Aliphatic co-polyesters Aromatic co-polyesters... 

Kumar P, Barrett DM, Delwiche MJ, Stroeve P. (2009). Methods for pretreatment of ligno-cellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production. Ind Eng Chem Res, 48, 3713-3729. 

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