High-energy compound

ATP IS the mam energy storing molecule for practically every form of life on earth We often speak of ATP as a high energy compound and its P—O bonds as high energy bonds This topic is discussed m more detail m Sections 28 4 and 28 5... 

ATP Adenosine triphosphate. Chemical energy generated by substrate oxidations is conserved by formation of high-energy compounds such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or compounds containing the thioester bond. 

Free Energies of Hydrolysis of Some High-Energy Compounds ... 

For the phosphoric anhydrides, and for most of the high-energy compounds discussed here, there is an additional entropic contribution to the free energy of hydrolysis. Most of the hydrolysis reactions of Table 3.3 result in an increase in the number of molecules in solution. As shown in Figure 3.11, the hydrolysis of ATP (as pH values above 7) creates three species—ADP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and a hydrogen ion—from only two reactants (ATP and HgO). The entropy of the solution increases because the more particles, the more disordered the system. (This effect is ionization-dependent because, at low pH, the... 

We can end this discussion of ATP and the other important high-energy compounds in biology by discussing the daily metabolic consumption of ATP by humans. An approximate calculation gives a somewhat surprising and impressive result. Assume that the average adult human consumes approximately... 

Triazole derivatives as high-energy compounds 97M14. 

Ill these simultaneous reactions, die energy released when the complex molecule AB is broken down is immediately used to build a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (P,). ATP is a high energy compound. It is called the energy currency of the body because once it is formed, it provides energy that the body can spend later to drive vital reactions in cells (Figure 1). 

Price, Propellants Plasticized with High Energy Compounds and Having High Energy Polymers as Binder , USP 3829336 (1974) CA 82,... 

Phosphate 25 mM Hydrogen ion buffer, stimulated phosphorylation and high-energy compound production... 

Striated muscle is composed of multinucleated muscle fiber cells surrounded by an electrically excitable plasma membrane, the sarcolemma. An individual muscle fiber cell, which may extend the entire length of the muscle, contains a bundle of many myofibrils arranged in parallel, embedded in intracellular fluid termed sarcoplasm. Within this fluid is contained glycogen, the high-energy compounds ATP and phosphocreatine, and the enzymes of glycolysis. 

A smouldering bag in a pesticide warehouse, believed to be of this, led to an explosion, killing three firemen, and fire which took six days to extinguish (possibly because of caution concerning anti-cholinesterase toxicity). This is a moderately high energy compound by virtue of the triazene function. Other pesticides present were of less energetic structure. 

The sodium salts of 1,3,5,7-tetranitrocubane and 1,2,3,5,7-pentanitrocubane can be nitrated successfully with N204 in THF at low temperature. These reactions proceed by N204 oxidation of the anion to the radical and its combination with N02 (Eq. 2.23) 43 Such highly nitrated cubanes are predicted to be shock-insensitive, very dense, high-energy compounds with great potential as explosives and propellants. 

Explosibility—detonation of pure substance not likely, deflagration cannot be excluded Thermal Stability/Runaway Potential—high energy compound, additional testing required Reactivity—self-reactive substance... 

Those nucleosides found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA involve the joining of ribose of deoxyribose to a purine or a pyrimidine base. One such nucleoside is adenosine, in which a nitrogen of adenine is linked to carbon 1 of the pentose, ribose. In this form it is a component of RNA but as a phosphory-lated derivative of adenosine (e.g. ATP), which is a high energy compound, it fulfils an important role in metabolism. The dinucleotides NAD and NADP are two cofactors necessary for many enzymic transformations and these also contain /V-glycosides of ribose phosphate. Other important nucleosides are found... 

Substrate level phosphorylation involves the transfer of phosphate directly from a high energy compound (shown below as X-P) to ADP. This illustrates the concept of reaction coupling (Section 2.2.5) thus ... 

The introduction of uridyl triphosphate (UTP, a high energy compound similar to ATP) acts to energize the substrate sufficiently to form a new covalent bond. 

Nucleotides are formed when one or more phosphate groups is attached to the 5 carbon of a nucleoside (Figure 1-1-6). Nucleoside di- and triphosphates are high-energy compounds because of the hydrolytic energy associated with the acid anhydride bonds (Figure 1-1-7). 

For example, the stimulation of )6-adrenoceptors by noradrenaline results in the activation of adenylate cyclase on the irmer side of the nerve membrane. This enz)nne catalyses the breakdown of ATP to the very labile, high-energy compound cyclic 3,5-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Cyclic AMP then activates a protein kinase which, by phosphorylating specific membrane proteins, opens an ion charmel to cause an efflux of potassium and an influx of sodium ions. Such receptors are termed metabotropic receptors. 

The reaction of the silylaziridine (136) with one equivalent of dinifrogen pentoxide in methylene chloride yields the At-nitroaziridine (137), whereas with excess reagent a mixture of the Al,Al-diniframine-nitrate (138) and the dinifrate ester (139) is obtained the former is a high-energy compound and of some difficulty to prepare via other routes. 

The following monomers were chosen to be used in polymerization studies that aimed at obtaining polymeric high-energy compounds [3] ... 

Although heat deposition from the high-energy compound has been neglected in the present calculation the qualitative agreement with the experiment indicates the predictive capability of the present model. 

---