Procedures organizational

Human Factors means those biomedical, psychosocial, work place environment, and engineering considerations pertaining to people in a human-machine system. Some of these considerations are allocation of functions, task analysis, human reliability, training requirements. Job performance aiding, personnel qualification and selection, staffing requirements, procedures, organizational effectiveness, and workplace environmental conditions. 

Design and procedures organizational factors have high degree of influence on human actions. Meanwhile, output from Manual onfield human actions has maximum tendency to be influenced from organizational factors. 

Organizational culture means the shared, often unconscious values, attitudes, standards, and assumptions that govern behavior, especially in situations that lack clearly defined rules and procedures. Organizational culture is the driving values of the organization—"the way things... 

The HAZOP procedure, performed by committee, is mostiy an organizational one. There is Httie technology associated with the process. The HAZOP approach is capable of identifying hundreds of items for a reasonably complex process. This information must be organized and managed properly. 

Seven of the tools of quahty have been summarized (43). The first tool is a flow chart, used to help understand the organizational flow of a procedure or process. A flow chart should be constmcted with the fiiU participation of the people who do the work. Its principal benefit is to enable teams, such as problem-solving or productivity improvement teams, to reach a common vision of the work flow. Its use enables the improvement effort to begin with this common understanding. Figure 3 contains an example for manufacture of a polymeric material. 

To provide staff with the necessary organizational freedom you will need one or more problem-reporting procedures and some policies that give staff the freedom to identify, record, and report problems relating to the product, process, and quality system. 

The elements of the system can be construed to be the 20 elements of ISO 9001. The components of the system are different. ISO 8402 states that a quality system is the organizational structure, procedures, processes, and resources for implementing quality management. It therefore follows that in reviewing the quality system one needs to review each of these aspects. 

Why should all this be necessary to maintain the quality system The answer can be found in ISO 8402 which defines a quality system as the organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures, processes, and resources needed to implement quality man-... 

Organizational changes that may have an impact on process safety Variance procedures Temporary changes Permanent changes... 

This section illustrates some of the more global influences at the organizational level which create the preconditions for error. Inadequate policies in areas such as the design of the human-machine interface, procedures, training, and the organization of work will also have contributed implicitly to many of the other human errors considered in this chapter. 

The extent to which a particular combination of such "operating environment" factors will be perceived by the workers as being stressful will depend on the available resources such as the quality of the control panel, procedures, training, organizational and social factors, and, finally, the individual characteristics of the workers. The outcome of this transaction between stress factors and coping resources will influence the onset of worker stress. Situations are not stressful merely because of the presence of a number of external stressors, but because they are perceived as such by workers. 

Management and Policy Influences on Error and Accident Causation As has been emphasized in Chapters 1,2, and 3, the system-induced error view states that it is insufficient to consider only the direct causes of errors. The underlying organizational influences also need to be taken into accoimt. However, most of the available techniques stop when an immediate cause has been identified, such as less than adequate procedures or poor equipment design. The questions of why the procedures were poor, or why the equipment was badly designed, are rarely addressed at the level of policy. Kletz (1994a)... 

Maximum demand alarms are available for individual organizational use and these can be made to shut down non-essential plant in order to maintain a lower actual maximum demand. Where automatic shutdown is not in use alarms can be used to trigger a manual shutdown procedure. 

Audits may differ. Some concentrate on particular facets, e.g. waste minimization, energy conservation. A management audit will probably cover organizational structures and relationships, communications, procedures acceptance and implementation, training and quality assurance. A technical audit will consider the performance of plant and equipment, monitoring and inspection programmes. Items for inclusion in auditing are listed in Table 17.12. 

Many factors influence how a policy is implemented and whether it achieves its objectives effectively. Experience in policy implementation in many areas indicate the importance of good organization. A number of organizational attributes, such as a sound structure, efficient procedures, well-trained personnel and adequate financial resources, are considered cmcial for effective policy execution (18, 19, 20, 21). 

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