Influence on policy

A special driver has recently come from strong European chemicals policies that include substances and waste relating to electronic products (Selin 2009). These have influences on policy makers, producers and advocacy organisations across many countries. 

May Peter, J and Soren Winter (2007/2009) Politicians, managers, and Street-level Bureaucrats Influence on Policy Implementation Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(3) 453-476. 

As indicated above, national policies and international conventions have been invoked to curb known, and usually obvious, sources of marine pollution. National legislation is used to control coastal discharges of contaminants. A major problem remains owing to the inadequate treatment of sewage prior to emission from land-based sources. The most important deleterious effects in this case are with respect to microbial water quality. This can have a direct influence on bathing criteria and result in beach closures during contamination episodes. An additional problem from land-based sources pertains to transboundary effects, whereby pollution may inadvertently be exported from one country to another. 

This book is well written, logically developed, and easy to read. I hope it will be widely read, not just by designers, but by everyone involved with the design of new plants, including chemists who choose the reactions to be used. Above all, 1 hope it will be read by senior managers, as they are in a position to influence the policy and culture of the company and are inclined to ask why we carry out so many studies on new projects instead of getting on with the detailed design. This book will teU them why. I can think of no better Christmas present for your company president. 

The basic premise of the SLIM technique is that the probability of error associated with a task, subtask, task step, or individual error is a function of the PIFs in the situation. As indicated in Chapter 3, an extremely large number of PIFs could potentially impact on the likelihood of error. Normally the PIFs that are considered in SLIM analyses are the direct influences on error such as levels of training, quality of procedures, distraction level, degree of feedback from the task, level of motivation, etc. However, in principle, there is no reason why higher level influences such as management policies should not also be incorporated in SLIM analyses. 

Evaluation of effects of management influences and policy factors on error causation... 

Management and Policy Influences on Error and Accident Causation As has been emphasized in Chapters 1,2, and 3, the system-induced error view states that it is insufficient to consider only the direct causes of errors. The underlying organizational influences also need to be taken into accoimt. However, most of the available techniques stop when an immediate cause has been identified, such as less than adequate procedures or poor equipment design. The questions of why the procedures were poor, or why the equipment was badly designed, are rarely addressed at the level of policy. Kletz (1994a)... 

A distinction should be made between the different levels of political influence operating at different levels of policy. At the macro level, the body politic is regarded as representative of the public or the electorate. Hence, politics is a means by which society decides which regulatory direction is ethically acceptable, socially preferable, economically beneficial and scientifically reliable. From the perspective of representative democracy, therefore, it is desirable for politics to determine the overall legal frameworks within which dmgs are regulated. But at the micro level, where decisions are made which apply those legal frameworks to specific cases, it is not desirable for politics to exert influence on individual cases. 

It does not appear from the graph that the level of fees charged affects the registration time. Several reasons could account for this. Firstly, the registration function in the majority of countries is financed not by fees, but by government budget, so that the fee levels have little influence on how, or how quickly, the work is carried out in these countries. Secondly, the fees are fixed by policy, instead of reflecting the true costs involved. 

It is clear from the presented data that the yield and selectivity in a large semibatch reactor can be improved compared to those in a small batch reactor that has much better heat-transfer capability. This has been achieved by decreasing the rate of heat evolution, which has been obtained by lowering the instantaneous concentration of reactant A. The results also indicate that the dosing policy can have a very significant influence on reactor performance. 

What will be the outcome of the RISKCYCLE project and how is the influence on research policy and legislation Different ways for implementation are conceivable the Ecodesign Directive and European Waste Legislation (RoHS, WEEE and REACH). 

Co-payment is an instrument that should not be used on its own. Neither efficiency in drag use nor equity nor the control of pharmaceutical expenditure can rest solely on co-payment. Its effectiveness is reinforced when it is combined with other instruments and incentives. In fact, all European countries combine, in different doses and proportions, multiple instruments that influence the behaviour of the industry, prescribes and patients. It is sufficient to recall that pharmaceutical expenditure is the product of price by quantity, and to consider the enormous international variability of drag prices,35 in order to understand the limitations of co-payment regulation in comparison with other policies that influence prices. Policies aimed at price control can be as effective as co-payment - or more so - for purposes of cost containment. 

They vary from discipline to discipline and from time to time. As might be expected, although appropriate in the context of their development, such standards are often likely to be incomplete or otherwise inappropriate for universal application because they are value-laden rules for making choices (vide infra). Through use, however, they become valuable to those who use them. Often these standards also become a cause of contention when, in interdisciplinary settings, practical knowledge must be extracted from experimental data. Thus, controversies often arise when scientists trained in different disciplines influence public policies or make decisions based on the conversion standards in which they were trained. 

Except for interviewees employed at historically white colleges and universities, most interviewees were more satisfied with their influence on departmental rather than institutional policies. Industrial chemists expressed the lowest level of satisfaction in their ability to influence either institutional or departmental policies. One Cohort I interviewee from an historically black college explained that a simple departmental policy decision changed the dynamics of student/faculty interaction ... 

The team exerts some influence on the delivery of other services through its training functions and by acting as consultants to key workers in contact with clients. It has successfully influenced agencies policies and informed the practice of workers including housing... 

Political influence on agency actions are part andparcel of policies in all developed nations, but the effect of environmental extremism on policy is more pronounced in Sweden than in most other countries. Why so ... 

In 1995 Sweden became a member of EU, which, at least in some ways, has had a sobering influence on national regulatory policies. With a total population of 365 million citizens, the EU has an economy equal to that of U.S. It is a highly complex organization, and the interested reader is referred to EU (2002) for information about it. 

Open and Public Discussion, Influence on Public Policy... 

---