Principle of substitution

Systematic names formed by applying the principles of substitutive nomenclature are single words except for compounds named as acids. First one selects the parent compound, and thus the suffix, from the characteristic group listed earliest in Table 1.7. All remaining functional groups are handled as prefixes that precede, in alphabetical order, the parent name. Two examples may be helpful ... 

Alkylamines are nfflned in two ways. One method adds the ending -amine to the nfflne of the alkyl group. The other applies the principles of substitutive nomenclature by replacing the -e ending of an alkane name by -amine and uses appropr iate locants to identify the position of the fflnino group. Arylfflnines are nfflned as derivatives of aniline. 

The Principle of Substitution states that hazardous chemicals should be systematically substituted by less hazardous alternatives or preferably alternatives for which no hazards can be identified. 

This focus on substitution and the reference to industry developments has been mirrored elsewhere. This annex provides an overview of existing European Union law, mostly directives, which incorporate the principle of substitution. In the text, substitution is generally referred to as replacing a substance of concern with a safer alternative. 

As the substitution of dangerous/hazardous substances is one of the means to achieve the general goal of protecting human health, omitting the principle of substitution from the proposed chemicals legislation orthe inclusion of a weak version of this Principle, will be interpreted as a lack of serious commitment by the Commission to this goal. 

In nddition the principle of substitution. I.e. the substitution of hazardous substances by less hazardous substances or preferably non-hazardous substances where such alternatives are available, is a means to reach this objective ... 

KEMI (1994). Swedish Experiences regarding the Principle of Substitution. 1994 08-31,M94/3135/6 MBDC (originally McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry) See www. mbdc.com... 

The preferred names are also obtained by applying the principles of substitutive nomenclature. Substituents, considered as replacing hydrogen atoms, are named using prefixes of the appropriate group names and are cited, if there is more than one, in alphabetical order before the name of the parent hydride, using parentheses and multiplicative prefixes as necessary. 

II. Functionalization of the Angular Methyl Groups / 237 General principles of substitution / 237 Lead tetraacetate oxidations / 240 Hypohalite reactions / 246 Photolysis of nitrites (Barton reaction) / 253 A-Chloroamine reactions (Hoffmann-Lofller reaction) / 257 Ketone irradiations / 260 Summary / 264... 

The Substitution Principle, sometimes referred to as the Product Choice Principle, or as the Principle of Substitution, is not so well-known (in Sweden, the term Substitution Principle was used until 1999, and then the principle was renamed the Product Choice Principle). It is an established legal principle in some countries, including Sweden where the principle was first established in law in 1985 (though the wording has changed over the years). The exact definition of the principle may vary between legal jurisdictions, but the essential content of the principle is ... 

The prefix hydroxy- should be universally adopted to express the alcohol or phenol function. In German and several other languages (presumably under the influence of the Beilstein nomenclature) the prefix oxy- is used (Oxysauren = hydroxy acids, OxybenzoU = hydroxybenzenes). This is a relic of the old addition nomenclature, oxy- meaning an oxygen atom (trioxymethylene, phosphorus oxychloride), but organic chemical nomenclature now generally follows the principle of substitution. 

Indeed the principle has been enshrined in many international forums, particularly those that have set the generational goal to achieve the elimination of hazardous substances (Thorpe, 2003). The Nordic countries, in particular, have based many of their chemical policies round the principle of substitution. Most notable is the Swedish Chemicals Products Act of 1985, which puts the onus on anyone handling or importing a chemical to avoid chemical products for which less hazardous substitutes are available (Geiser and Tickner, 2003). 

The above exposition is only a very brief overview of the most important principles of substitutive nomenclature. In Ref. 1, an extensive system of rules is developed for choosing one name among the many unambiguous substitutive names that may often be constructed for organic compounds. A corresponding extensive set of rules has not been developed for non-carbon-containing compounds, partly because many such compounds can just as well be given additive names (Chapter IR-7), and often are. 

In many ways, the principles of substitution, elimination, and addition converge in aromatic systems in what is genetically called aromatic substitution.256 Addition to electrophilic centers, substitution of carbocations, nucleophilic displacement, and elimination of leaving groups are all mechanistic features of various aromatic substitution reactions. 

The main problems with the Hansch and Fujita approach are the difficulty in treating symmetrical compounds such as biphenyH and the improper identification of ir-substituent constants with log P values. The latter problem is seen when log P values are calculated by the mere addition of substituent constants including the log Prh term in Eq. [11], thus neglecting the principle of substitution. ... 

The general logical principle of substitutivity of identities (formulated as (Leib) in the next section) provides a necessary condition for identity. The axioms for a first-order theory must provide a sufficient condition for, or criterion of, identity. In mereology, the criterion of identity is having the same parts. In fact, it suffices to lay it down that elements which are each parts of the other are identical ... 

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