Product Choice Principle

O. Mont, The Swedish Product Choice Principle, European Environmental Law Review, 2001, 10, 351. 

The Substitution Principle, sometimes referred to as the Product Choice Principle, or as the Principle of Substitution, is not so well-known (in Sweden, the term Substitution Principle was used until 1999, and then the principle was renamed the Product Choice Principle). It is an established legal principle in some countries, including Sweden where the principle was first established in law in 1985 (though the wording has changed over the years). The exact definition of the principle may vary between legal jurisdictions, but the essential content of the principle is ... 

The Substitution Principle was introduced as a legal principle in Sweden through the enactment of the 1985 Chemicals Act. When the Environmental Code replaced the Chemicals Act and several other major environmental laws in 1999, the principle was expressed in the 2nd chapter of the Code, now named the Product Choice Principle. 

Mont, O. 2001. The Swedish product choice principle. European Environmental Law Review, 10(12) 351-63. 

The aim of is to provide quick access to the relative positioning of a set of products. Its principle is very simple. It consists of the combination of a free choice of attributes, as in free choice profiling (FCP), and of a comparative evaluation of the samples for each chosen attribute (attribute-by-attribute protocol) and quantification by the means of ranks. This usually goes with a simultaneous assessment of the whole product set and direct focus on inter-product differeuces. 

In principle, the selection of dispersion equipment for a given purpose is very simple. The obvious choice is the one that will give the required degree of dispersion most economically. In practice it is not so easy. Availability of equipment, the nature of the raw materials, mill-base formulation, batch size, product type and the time available all influence the decision of which machine to use. 

Chapter 3 introduced the basic concepts of scaleup for tubular reactors. The theory developed in this chapter allows scaleup of laminar flow reactors on a more substantive basis. Model-based scaleup supposes that the reactor is reasonably well understood at the pilot scale and that a model of the proposed plant-scale reactor predicts performance that is acceptable, although possibly worse than that achieved in the pilot reactor. So be it. If you trust the model, go for it. The alternative is blind scaleup, where the pilot reactor produces good product and where the scaleup is based on general principles and high hopes. There are situations where blind scaleup is the best choice based on business considerations but given your druthers, go for model-based scaleup. 

Principles of the methods employed to sterilize pharmaceutical products are described in Chapter 20. The British Pharmacopoeia (1993) recommends autoclaving and filtration as suitable methods applicable to aqueous liquids, and dry heat for non-aqueous and dry sohd preparatiorrs. The choice is determined largely by the ability of the formulation and container to withstand the physical stresses apphed by moist heat... 

Having established the feasibility of niobium metal production by the carbothermic reduction of niobium pentoxide under temperature and pressure conditions readily attainable in the laboratory and in industry, the principles of efficient process execution may now be examined. In a high-temperature vacuum furnace operation, the quantity of gas that is to be pumped off can influence the choice of the vacuum process. When the reduction of niobium pentoxide with either carbon or niobium carbide is attempted according to the following overall equations ... 

The second platform (RTS 500 HY) is designed for the production of proteins on a preparative scale. It is based on the CECF principle and utilizes a device with two chambers (Fig. 1.7). This design, with a proper choice of reaction conditions, gives a reaction time of 24 h, yielding up to 6 mg of protein per ml. A scaled-up version is also available (RTS 9000 HY), providing up to 50 mg protein per run. 

Even this brief list may suffice to show that it would be a formidable task to develop a system of factorization free of avoidable redundancies, and that such a system would not be satisfactory even if it avoids arbitrary choices. It would require a rule disqualifying certain centers or lines of stereoisomerism on the basis of their relationships to other potential elements in the same molecule. Such definitions would not be self-contained. Moreover, the products of factorization that would take the place of those dropped cannot be limited to points or lines that are merely differently defined. There would have to be a virtually open-ended proliferation of new elements. This highly undesirable feature would not be offset by a major benefit of the revised system such as a correlation between the numbers of elements and of stereoisomers, because a complete elimination of all redundancies does not seem possible. We conclude that the system of choice is the one based on the principle that the elements of stereoisomerism allow no further factoring. Accordingly we think it best to retain the definitions given in Sects. IV and VI and their strictures that all centers and lines be occupied by atoms or bonds. 

Of course, if not accompanied by a full understanding of the working principles of these devices, the status of their development, and their potential, the results of this test would be misleading when deciding on the choice of the right type of sensor for further development. It has been shown by later development, as discussed, that the lifetime-based scheme is much to be favored in terms of performance and cost. This was the reason that a major manufacturer, Luxtron, substituted the lifetime-based thermometer for the early, intensity-based one in its commercial production/5 ... 

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