Using Parentheses

When writing Verilog HDL code, the designer must be aware of the logic structure being generated. One such important point is the use of parentheses. Here is an example. 

Recommendation Use parentheses liberally in an expression to control the structure of the synthesized logic. 

Having synthesized a Verilog HDL model into a netlist, it is important to verify the functionality of the synthesized netlist to ensure that it still matches the intended functionality. This step is important since a synthesis system may make certain assumptions or interpretations of the Verilog HDL code that may not match those intended by the model writer. 

In this chapter, we assume that this verification step is performed using simulation which verifies the functionality between the design model and its synthesized netlist. We illustrate some cases of functional mismatches between the design model and its synthesized netlist that might possibly occur, describe their cause, and provide recommendations for avoiding them. 

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In each case we have indicated the doorway stage using parentheses. We note how in each of the two groups ((i) and... 

In the following pages, we will summarise the main processes controlling the fractionation of radionuclides during weathering and transfers into surface waters. Subsequently, we will present the main results obtained on surface weathering and transport in the river waters. Throughout this chapter, we will use parentheses to denote activity ratios. 

Using parentheses to emphasize power functions, the nth moment is the expectation < [(-Y)"] of X". The mean p is the first moment... 

The most current method of documenting sources is with parenthetical citations. This format lists the book the statement or information was taken from and the page number in parentheses immediately following the statement. This method is becoming standard practice because it is relatively easy to follow and immediately informs your reader of the source you have used. The best guide to consult if you have questions about how to cite a particular source using parentheses is the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 

Instrumentation. Write the instrumentation section of your Methods section. When appropriate, be sure to include vendors, model numbers, and operating parameters. Use the literature to determine the operational parameters that you should include. Be sure to use parentheses appropriately. 

Hint Combine several short sentences into fewer, more complex sentences, delete redundant or unnecessary information for an expert audience, and use parentheses to present information about materials and to dehne abbreviations. Goal 50 words)... 

Hint Avoid using sequencing language and use parentheses where appropriate. Goal 113 words)... 

Rule 3 Use parentheses to report information such as vendors, reaction conditions, amounts, or product yield. 

Like other abbreviations, compound labels must be defined before they are used alone. In the text, the label is defined by placing it immediately after the fully named compound, usually without parentheses. (Some authors use parentheses, especially for compound labels in subheadings.) Compound labels may also be defined in graphical illustrations of the compound (e.g., equations, tables, figures, schemes). Once defined, the label may be used alone, without parentheses. Consider these examples ... 

Traditionally, a polymer has been named by attaching the prefix poly to the name of the real or assumed monomer (the source ) from which it is derived. Thus, polystyrene is the name of the polymer made from styrene. When the name of the monomer comprises two or more words, parentheses should be used [1], as in poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), etc. Failure to use parentheses can lead to ambiguity. For example, polychlorostyrene could be the name of either a polychlorinated (monomeric) styrene or of a polymer derived from chlorostyrene similarly, polyethylene oxide could refer to the polymer 1, the polymer 2 or the macrocycle 3. 

The preferred names are also obtained by applying the principles of substitutive nomenclature. Substituents, considered as replacing hydrogen atoms, are named using prefixes of the appropriate group names and are cited, if there is more than one, in alphabetical order before the name of the parent hydride, using parentheses and multiplicative prefixes as necessary. 

Whew It s going to take several operations to solve this problem. You have to add up all the costs, subtract the amount for the coupon, and then divide the resulting amount by 2. You ll use parentheses and brackets so that the correct amount is divided by 2. Here s what the problem looks like using the operations and grouping symbols ... 

When in doubt about how an expression will be evaluated, use parentheses to force what you intend. 

Hvmoatnmic electronegative constituents. These have the name of the monoatomic parent, but qualified by a multiplicative prefix, if appropriate, ft may be necessary to use parentheses to emphasize subtle points of structure. 

If we wish to evaluate 2x3 + 5, the result depends upon whether we perform the addition prior to multiplication or vice versa. The BODMAS rules tell us that multiplication takes precedence over addition and so the result should be 6 + 5 = 11 and not 2x8 = 16. Using parentheses in this case removes any ambiguity, as we would then write the expression as (2x3) + 5. 

The rules for manipulating algebraic symbols are the same as those for numbers. Thus we can formally add, subtract, multiply and divide combinations of symbols, just as if they were numbers. In the example given above, we have used parentheses to avoid ambiguity in how to evaluate the sum. The general rules for expanding expressions in parentheses (), brackets [ ] or braces take the following forms ... 

To reduce writing we give only the transformed coordinates (Jones symbols) which are to be substituted for xy z) in eq. (52), rather than the actual functions, using parentheses to separate the classes of Oh. For j = rb... 

Note The solution directly above contains sets of parentheses that are not truly necessary. The authors take the liberty throughout this book of using parentheses for emphasis, as well as for the proper isolation of data. 

Use parentheses for parenthetical expressions that clarify, identify, or illustrate and that direct the reader. 

Use parentheses to enclose numerals in a list. Always use parentheses in pairs, not singly. 

Do not use parentheses when citing a reference number in narrative text. In such a case, the reference number is the point of the sentence, not subsidiary information, and thus not parenthetical. 

Use parentheses in mathematical expressions as discussed in Chapter 11 and in chemical nomenclature and notation as discussed in Chapters 12 and 13. 

Finally, use the lowest ratio of subscripts if the compound is ionic, MgCl2. The crisscross method also works for compounds containing polyatomic ions. One note of caution, however when there are multiple units of a polyatomic ion present, you must use parentheses to indicate this fact. Using this... 

The roman numeral III means that the iron ion has a charge of 3+. Sulfate has a charge of 2-. Using the crisscross method and using parentheses for the polyatomic ion, the correct formula is Fe2(S04)3. 

When a multistep calculation is being done, some operation may be waiting for its turn. For example, when 2 - 5 X 3 is being entered, the subtraction will not be done until the multiplication operation is completed. If a different order is wanted, use parentheses. Algebraically, abicd means that the product of a and b is divided by the product of c and d. Be sure not to multiply the quotient able by d. 

Either divide by each number in the denominator, or use parentheses around the two numbers so that their product will be divided into the numerator. 

In the example on the left, 1 1 and 2 0 are its rows 1 2 and 1 0, its columns. In the example on the right there are three rows and two columns, making it a 3 X 2 matrix. When subscripted variables are used to represent the elements, the first subscript names the row, the second, the column a column- For example, a 21 is in the second row and first column, but a 12 in the first row, second column. Except when there is danger of confusion, the subscripts need not be separated by a comma. Some authors enclose a matrix in brackets other authors use parentheses, as above. 

Excel Tip. Formulas that return the wrong result because of errors in the hierarchy of calculation are common. When in doubt, use parentheses. 

Since this rule has served very well for organic nomenclature, it seems wise to extend it to corresponding use in the inorganic field. The extent to which this has already happened indicates the practicability of the rule. Further, the practice of using parentheses to enclose complex expressions eliminates any use of hyphens to improve clarity (8) (see Comment under Rule 3). 

Use parentheses to set off words, dates, or statements that give additional information, explain, or qualify the main thought. 

In addition to the reference tables, the important thing to remember is that you want to construct chemical formulas with no net apparent charge. This means that you want to combine the elements in a ratio that would result in a net oxidation number of zero. It is also important to note that we will use parentheses if, and only if, we need to multiply a polyatomic ion with a subscript. The use of parentheses seems to be the thing that students have the most trouble with. Let s try several examples together. 

As I mentioned earlier, we use parentheses to indicate the use of multiple polyatomic ions. It is with the proper use of parentheses that I find that students have the most trouble. Let s suppose that we wanted to write the proper formula for the compound calcium nitrate. Once again, we would look up the oxidation numbers and symbols of the ions involved. 

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