Primary impact sensitivity

It is significant, however, that in most, and probably all, relative rankings of the impact sensitivities of solid expls (see Vol 7, I42-R), PETN ranks as the most sensitive secondary expl (primary expls, such as Lead Azides, Mercuric Fulminate, etc, are more sensitive)... 

A promising approach toward controlling the static and impact sensitivity of initiators has consisted of co-precipitating the primary ex pi on a carrier or doping it in a manner which affects its solid state characteristics (Ref 97) Oscillatory Reactions... 

There seems to be a noticeable difference in the Ball Drop Impact results and this could be attributed to the inherent error associated with this relatively crude test for instance, the manner and precise location, at which the steel ball impacts the explosive particles can vary and lead to inconsistent results. Friction and electrostatic sensitivity was consistent across all of our batches of DBX-1 as well as PSEMC DBX-1 (Table 3) In terms of determining the effectiveness of a primary explosive, sensitivity tests results are generally only predictive in how to safely handle the material in order to determine if the explosive is practical or not, performance tests need to be done to see how well the material behaves in actual items, such as detonators. 

Hydrazotetrazole. Compd investigated for use as a primary explosive. Impact sensitivity was found unsatisfactory. Some pertinent properties Impact sensitivity 32 ems, Vac Stab, 1.7 ml of gas/48 hrs/l00°C, Hot Bar Ign temp 239°C Ref Francis Taylor, NAVORD Rept 2800,... 

Yes No Primary high explosive, Impact-sensitive material n cr o... 

No No Primary high explosive, Extremely pressure/impact sensitive. Used in ammunition primer and blasting caps ... 

Primary high explosive, Extremely press ure/impact sensitive Secondary high explosive. Main charge in many military munitions... 

Primer cap A small metal device containing an impact-sensitive primary high explosive commonly found in ammunition or used in initiators. 

Figure A.25 Ammonium tri-iodide primary high explosive, impact sensitive material.

Primary high explosive, Extremely pressure/impact sensitive... 

The impact sensitivity of some well-known primary, secondary and tertiary explosives is given in the Table 1.3. 

The explosive was exhaustively characterized for thermal behavior, impact sensitivity and electrostatic discharge sensitivity etc. Based on this data, CP has been described as much less sensitive to accidental initiation than primary explosives such as LA but at the same time, initiation grows rapidly to detonation when properly confined. Its performance evaluation in a test detonator or hardware indicates that CP can replace primary explosives in many hot wire detonator applications especially if safety considerations are of prime importance [239]. 

Sensitivity. 1) B.D. Pollock R.F. Gentner, Impact Sensitivity of Wetted Primary Explosives as Determined by the Ball Drop Test , PATR 4311 (1972) [Table 8 lists the impact sensy data found by these workers on unconfined dry and w-wet Pb Azide. Addnly, they found that w completely desensitized Pb Styphnate and Tetracene and that all fully-wetted unconfined primary expls were less sensitive to impact than when dry, but that partially wet (w-soaked but no excess of w present) confined initiating expls are more sensitive to impact than when fully dried... 

N 33.35% crysts, mp 195° was claimed to be obtd by Turek(Ref 2) when sym-trinitrotri-azidobenzene(qv) was heated above 131° in xylene. According to Blatt(Ref 3), this compd has an Impact Sensitiveness,FI, 26% PA a Lead Block Expansion value 178%PA, and, although not a primary expl, it is equal to Tetryl as a booster. This compd is not listed in CA indices Refs l)Beil- not found 2)O.Turek,Chim Ind (Paris) 26,785(129TXfootnoteX1931) CA 26, 848(1932) 3)Blatt,OSRD 2014(1944) Monanitronitrosobenzene, 02N.CsH4.N0 mw... 

The impact sensitivity should be performed on one of the customary impact testers, using again milligram quantities of the material. Bureau of Mines values of 20 or less, or Ball Drop values of the order of 100 cm or less, or PicArsn Impact Test values of 15 cm or less, all indicate that the expl be treated as a primary expl, in the class of Pb Azide or Mercury Fulminate. Such substances should be stored wet in... 

Impact Sensitivity of Wetted Primary Explosives as Determined by the Ball Drop Test , PATR 4311 (1972) [The authors report that no fires were observed in ten consecutive trials at a max drop ht of 42 inches, using a 1 (2 inch diam steel ball weighing 8.35g, which was dropped on liq-wetted Tetrazene specimens spread uniformly on a hardened steel block. The test liqs studied were Freon-TF 90%, Freon-10%, ethanol 95%, ethanol 50/w 50%, and w]... 

Density, Malt. t Paint Av lipl Impact sensitivity, e Sand Trootl Bomb Tt l Tact laitia Vcl tlon, g of Primary Datoa, Salability In Votlaws... 

Another environmentally compatible primary explosive is copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (Fig. 1.17). This compound has been developed under the name of DBX-1 by Pacific Scientific EMC and is a suitable replacement for lead azide. DBX-1 is thermally stable up to 325 °C (DSC). The impact sensitivity of DBX-1 is 0.04 J (ball-drop instrument) compared with 0.05 J for LA. The compound is stable at 180 °C for 24 hrs in air and for 2 months at 70 °C. DBX-1 can be obtained from NaNT and Cu(I)Cl in HC1/H20 solution at a higher temperature. However, the best preparation for DBX-1 in a yield of 80-90 % is shown in the following equation where sodium ascorbate, NaC6H706, is used as the reducing agent ... 

The sensitivity and performance values (Tab. 9.10) revealed that ADNQ may be a high-performing but still relatively insensitive high explosive, while APX needs to be classified as a primary explosive due to its high impact sensitivity. 

Despite the reason for the high combustion velocity being under debate, the high combustion velocity is in the range of explosive velocities, so the CuO/Al thermite may have application as a primary explosive. The more easily prepared, physically mixed CuO nanothermite has been patented for use in ammunition primers. Sensitivity data for the CuO /Al thermite is unavailable, but it is expected to be relatively high. High impact sensitivity may be the reason why there are no literature reports of its preparation by arrested reactive milling. 

Hercules Powd Co Monthly Progress Rept 13 (Sept 1949) (Contract NORD 9925)(Compd investigated for possible use as a primary expl, however, its water solubility thermal stability were considered unsatisfactory. Its impact sensitivity with BurMinesApp with 2kg wt was 5cm and the 100°C Vacuum Stability Test value exceeded the capacity of the app in 48 hrs)... 

The primary impact of rising oil price is on the cost of fuel oil for cracking and on the value of by-products. This particularly affects the OPEN system where by-products are on-sold or transferred to other downstream operations at world parity prices. The sensitivity of ethylene production cost to oil price in the range 30 to 230 bl is illustrated in Figure 7.5, which shows the cost of increasing oil price on the OPEN system. At 70/bbl the base production cost is about 726/t and falls to about 666/t with oil at 50 bl and rises to 964/t with oil at 150/bbl. 

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