Tertiary explosives

Fujioka, K. (1987) Volcanogenic sediments of the Japan trench area and Tertiary explosive volcanism of the Tohoku arc. In Nasu, N. et al. (eds.). Formation of Active Ocean Margins, D. Reidel Publ., pp. 423-442. 

Unempfindliche Salze, wie -+ Ammoniumnitrat Oder -+ Ammoniumper-chlorat werden im englischen Sprachraum als tertiary explosives 1 bezeichnet. 

The literature lists UNi as being 90% as powerful as TNT [5], Small-scale air-blast work displayed a far-field equivalency closer to 65% [12], Literature detonation velocities listed range from 3.4 to 4.7 km/s ( 11,200 to 15,400 ft/s) [13], The author has seen several different velocities in this region depending on the charge size and confinement. UNi possesses a low loading density (typically around 0.7 g/cm3). It is highly corrosive and readily attacks most metals. In terms of sensitivity, UNi is typically a tertiary explosives such as ANFO and requires a booster to be initiated. 

These explosives are characterized by very high rates of reaction and generation of high pressures on explosion. They are usually sub-divided into (i) primary or initiatory explosives, (ii) secondary explosives and (iii) tertiary explosives. 

Table 1.2 Oxygen balance of some primary, secondary and tertiary explosives.

Insensitive materials such as - Ammonium Nitrate or -> Ammonium Perchlorate are classified as tertiary explosives. 

Tertiary explosives or propellants. Tertiary explosives or propellants are combustible materials that contain, in addition to their components. 

Recently [1] ammonium nitrate has been cited as an example of materials that might be described as tertiary explosives, for although very energetic, it is most difficult to detonate and relatively massive quantities are required for the propagation of detonation. 

High explosives are further divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary explosives. Primary explosives can be made to detonate by the application of a spark or flame. They also tend to be rather sensitive to impact and friction. Primary explosives are not usually used as demolition or weapon charges instead, they are normally used to make blasting caps. 

Tertiary explosives, those most difficult to detonate. They include extremely powerful high explosives like RDX and HMX. 

Constructive ( tertiary ) explosion protection does not attempt to prevent the explosion itself but is about limiting the damage caused by it. 

Hq can essentially be influenced by measures of the primary explosion protection and Hz by measures of the secondary explosin protection. Measures of the tertiary explosion protection affect principally the probability of unwanted damage effects (S). 

Following these basic statements, the Directive 99/92/EC [2] describes the measures of the primary and tertiary explosion protection as a matter of priority. These measures are essentially aimed at operating companies/users of work equipment as well as workplaces in which potentially explosive atmospheres can occur. 

From the perspective of sensitivity, the most sensitive energetic materials are primary explosives, less sensitive are secondary explosives, and very insensitive are tertiary explosives. Rigorous limits between these groups do not exist and new explosives are therefore related to the existing ones through a series of comparative experiments. Some authors define primary explosives as substances being more sensitive than PETN. 

Tertiary Explosives Mononitrotoluene Ammonium perchlorate Ammonium nitrate... 

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