Detonators testing

The criteria for insensitive explosives subjected to ha2ard tests permit no reaction more violent than burning in slow and fast cook-off tests and fragment and bullet tests, no propagation in sympathetic detonation tests, no detonation when stmck by a shaped charge jet, no sustained burning when hit by a small fragment, and such special tests as may be required by the use of the explosive. 

Nitroanthraquinone is prepared from anthraquinone by nitration in sulfuric acid (11), or in organic solvent (12). Nitration in nitric acid is dangerous. The mixture of anthraquinone and nitric acid forms a Sprengel mixture (13,14) which may detonate. However, detonation can be prevented by a dding an inert third component such as sulfuric acid. Experimental results of the steel-tube detonation tests for the anthraquinone—HNO2—H2SO4 system have been pubUshed (13). 

The standard presents procednres for condncting bnrn tests for in-line flame arresters, and deflagration and detonation test methods for in-line... 

The British Standards Institnte standard specification BS 7244 (1990) applies to both deflagradon (end-of-line and in-line) and detonadon flame arresters. For end-of-line deflagradon flame arresters ten tests are reqnired, and for in-line deflagradon flame arresters fifteen tests are reqnired. For detonation flame arresters three tests at increasing lengths of pipe for both deflagration and detonation conditions and ten nnrestricted overdriven detonation tests are reqnired. Endnrance bnrning test procedures are presented, bnt tests are condncted only if specified. 

The test gas may be propane, hexane, or gasoline vapors. Eor end-of-line deflagration flame arresters, tests shall be performed twice each for three ignition sources, for a total of six tests. Eor in-line detonation flame arresters three detonation tests are required. 

Specific explosibility tests are discussed in this section. It is emphasized that detonation tests in particular and a number of deflagration tests are of the type that must be run by experts in specialized facilities. 

There are, in general, two types of detonation tests [10,22,24]. In one type of test, the propagation of a detonation shock wave is determined. Examples of methods for this test are the BAM 50/60 test [139], the TNO 50/70 steel tube test [120], and the USA GAP test for solids and liquids [140,141]. 

In general, detonation test apparatus consists of a steel tube that is filled with the substance under investigation. One end of the tube is provided with a booster charge consisting of an electric detonator covered by detonative material. The other end is either closed or provided with a witness plate. One type of steel tube apparatus is provided with a velocity probe to record the shock wave velocity as shown in Figure 2.28. 

Detonation by Influence or Sympathetic Detonation Tests. Several tests are listed in Vol 1, p X and their description is given in this Section under "Detonation (and Explosion) by Influence ... 

Strength of Detonators, Test. See "Initiating Efficiency (or Strength) of Detonators by the Miniature Cartridge Test" in Vol 1, p XVIII... 

Sympathetic Detonation Tests. See under Detonation by Influence... 

SS 16, 9-10, 25-7 35-7(1921) (Detonations-iibertragung brisanter Sprengstoffe) 4) Anon, Army Ordn 3, 180-82(1922) (Sympathetic deton tests of HE shells) 5) C.G. Storm, ArmyOrdn 3, 256-60(1923) (Sympathetic detons) 6) G. St. Perrott D.B. Gawthrop, JFrankllnst 203, 103 8t 387-406 (1927) (Propagation of deton betw two cart-... 

Influence Tests. See Detonation of Influence or Sympathetic Detonation Tests in Vol 1 pX... 

Velocity of Detonation Tests. See DETONATION VELOCITY TESTS... 

W) C. Belgrano, "Gli Esplosivi , U. Hoepli, Milano (1952), pp 15 to 53 (Physical tests for mining explosives. Included are density, stability, Trauzl test, detonation velocity, Hess test, crusher test, sympathetic detonation test, sensitiveness to initiation, sensitiveness to impact, steel plate test and explosion temperature determination) pp 73 to 75 (Analysis of NG) 76 to 84... 

Detonation par influence, ou Detonation sym-patique, Essai (Detonation by Influence, or Sympathetic Detonation Test). See Transmission de detonation a distance, known in US as Gap Test... 

The functioning time In microseconds of three series of eight detonator test -fixtures of 30 mg conductive LA/graphite -98.7/1/3 and 220 mg conductive PETN/ graphite —95/5 loaded at 16000 psi are shown in Table XXI of Ref 25 (not reproduced here). The average times 2.102, 2.105 ... 

Gap Tes/(Propagation Test or Sympathetic Detonation Test). In order to ascertain the relative ability of the disturbance sent out by the explosion of a shielded detonator charged with pentryi as the base charge to transfer deton over an air gap to a receiving charge of an expIosive(such as dynamite), Clark used the same method as he described fa DDNP in IEC 25,668(1933)... 

Sympathetic Detonation Test. See Gap Test Thermal Stability. See Stability, Thermal... 

Detonation by Influence or Sympathetic Detonation Tests (Transmission of Detonation at a Distance Test) (Aptitude a transmettre la detonation a distance, Essai or Coefficient de self-excitation, Essai, in Fr) (Detonationsiibertragung Probe ox Schlagweite Probe, in Ger) (Determinacion de la sensibilidad a la iniciacion por simp ana, in Span) (Distanxa di eaplosione persimpatia, prova, in Ital) include the following methods Booster Sensitivity Test(qy) b)Four-Cartridge Test]Sce PATR 2510(PB 1612 i(1958),p Ger 521... 

Gap Test is one of the detonation by influence(sympathetic detonation) tests. The purpose of this test is to determine die sensitivity of a charge of expl to initiation by another charge located a certain distance from the 1st cbge. The larger tbe distance, tbe more sensitive is tbe ezpl... 

Surveillance Test, described by D.R.Wiggam St E.S.Goodyear, IEC, AnalEd 4, 73(1932), is similar to the above tests, except the temperature of heating is different Sympathetic Detonation Test. See Detonation by Influence Test... 

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