15% price preference

Around half of essential medicines used in Tanzania are obtained via public and non-profit procurement. MSD s public sector procurement gives local firms a 15% price preference in competition with importers when both meet the quality hurdles. The effective preference rate is somewhat lower (one interviewee suggested around 9%), because importers prices are landed prices at the port, while local firms price includes delivery to MSD s zonal warehouses. 

Like other countries discussed in this book, Ghana also offers a 15% price preference for domestic suppliers in public procurement. This has also helped manufacturers, though the system has not always functioned properly. Local manufacturers complain that the procurement system is not very transparent, and especially when the government buys at regional and local levels there is suspicion that the 15% advantage is often not provided. The government does not reveal the prices at which it actually procures. Perhaps if such information is made public the situation will improve. 

Industrial policy in Brazil generally recognizes the potential of public procurement to promote competition in markets where government demand is significant, such as health. Rules have been defined for the use of public purchasing power, which allow a price preference of up to 25% for purchases from domestic producers, using a method of calculation that takes into account employment and income generation, impact on tax revenues, national development and other factors. ... 

In the definition phase options are narrowed down and a preferred solution is proposed. The project becomes better defined in terms of what should be built and how it should be operated, and an assessment of how the project may be affected by changes beyond the control of the company (for example the oil price) should be made. Normally a clear statement should be prepared, describing why the option is preferred and what project specifications must be met, to be used as a basis for further work. 

Storage and shipment are preferably molten. Insulated and heated tanks are used, as are insulated rail tank cars and tank tmcks. In the United States, rail tank cars can hold about 84 t, and tmcks about 20 t. The molten form can be handled and pumped in bulk form, and as a result is priced lower than the sohd. Sohd phthahc anhydride is available as flake in 1-t and 0.5-t super sacks, and 22.7-kg multiwall bags. 

Turkey, for centuries, has been known for the beauty of its handwoven mgs dyed with natural dyes. Nowadays Turkish peasants prefer to dye machine-made mgs with synthetic dyes since these are more readily available and easier to apply. However, there is a growing demand by collectors and connoisseurs connoisseurs for handmade mgs dyed with natural dyes, especially alizarin, and they command premium prices (22). Also, there is a small demand for natural alizarin by artists and home dyers who claim that natural alizarin produces subde shades not obtainable with synthetic alizarin. Just as synthetic alizarin forced natural alizarin out of the market, synthetic alizarin has been replaced by azoic dyes since they are easier to apply. 

If utilities are supplied to the new project from some other source, the cost and amount must be determined. If purchased from a second party, the cost will be determined by contract and can be estimated by discussions with the vendor. If utilities are transferred from an affiliated source, the cost must include a profit to the supplying entity. Some estimators use a lower return on utility plants than on a new hydrocarbon processing unit, since the utility can be used for some alternate plant if the new one shuts down for any reason. However, the preferred analysis allows a high enough utility transfer price to provide the same return on the utilities as the new unit being studied. This can require a trial and error approach, especially if the utilities are a significant part of the selling price of the product. 

Because of its low price, compatibility, low viscosity and ease of use styrene is the preferred reactive diluent in general purpose resins. Methyl methacrylate is sometimes used, but as it does not copolymerise alone with most unsaturated polyesters, usually in conjunction with styrene in resins for translucent sheeting. Vinyl toluene and diallyl phthalate are also occasionally employed. The use of many other monomers is described in the literature. 

Because of their favourable price, polyesters are preferred to epoxide and furane resins for general purpose laminates and account for at least 95% of the low-pressure laminates produced. The epoxide resins find specialised uses for chemical, electrical and heat-resistant applications and for optimum mechanical properties. The furane resins have a limited use in chemical plant. The use of high-pressure laminates from phenolic, aminoplastic and silicone resins is discussed elsewhere in this book. 

Composites fabricated with fixed catalyst VGCF can be designed with fibers oriented in preferred directions to produce desired combinations of thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion. While such composites are not likely to be cost-competitive with metals in the near future, the ability to design for thermal conductivity in preferred directions, combined with lower density and lower coefficient of thermal expansion, could warrant the use of such VGCF composites in less price sensitive applications, such as electronics for aerospace vehicles. 

To determine trends in customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction you will need to make regular surveys and plot the results, preferably by particular attributes or variables. The factors will need to include quality characteristics of the product or service as well as delivery performance and price. The surveys could be linked to your improvement programs so that following a change, and allowing sufficient time for the effect to be observed by the customer, customer feedback data could be secured to indicate the effect of the improvement. 

The more delicate odour of cinuamon oil causes it to ho preferred lo cassia oil in England, whilst the strongei and ooarser odour of the latter, together with its mnoh lower price, gains for it prefereure in many parts of ihu continent. 

---