Trend Determination

Once the challenge of locating accurate and complete records is met, the task of trend determination can begin. One of these key trends might be the accident incidence rate both for lost workday and recordable incidents. Another key trend that could probably be determined is the Experience Modification Rate (EMR). One should be able to obtain this number from the workers compensation carrier. The workers compensation carrier probably has already made a determination of which claims the most money has been expended on, which claims included the most days away from work, which parts of the body were affected most of the time, and so on. Getting information from the workers compensation carrier can be another good source of information. 

From this trend analysis, you might be able to pinpoint areas that seem to be begging for improvement. Different clients that I have been involved with had tremendously different accident trends. For instance, I worked with a chemical manufacturer at which 40 percent of the accidents — during a relatively short period time — were experienced by people with less than one year of seniority. This group consisted of about 10 percent of the workforce. These numbers seemed to indicate that an improvement was needed in the orientation, training, and mentoring of new hire workers. 

Back injuries usually top the list for most costly body part injured, but I have had clients whose most costly injuries were from repetitive motion and not back injuries. These numbers seemed to indicate that an improve- 

Vehicle accidents seem to continue to be a problem for most businesses whose team members spend time driving. I have had clients who experienced that accidents caused while a vehicle was backing up constitute more than 30 percent of total vehicular accidents. The point is that determining trends can give the safety person some ideas for improvement plans. 

One of the companies that I worked with perceived that they had a problem with vehicular accidents. Various safety management personnel decided to profile a typical motor vehicle incident. They obtained vehicular accident files for a two-year period and examined the following parameters  

---

In contrast to traditional ambient fixed station "parametric approaches to river quality evaluation for trends determination and water quality standards attainment, data from the Willamette River, Oregon, USA were used to demonstrate the value of quantitative, semi-quantitative and qualitative approaches to mechanistic assessment of river water quality. 

Chemical reactions involve rearrangements of atoms Some chemical bonds break, and others form. Bond breakage always requires an input of energy, and bond formation always results in a release of energy. The balance between these opposing trends determines the net energy change for the reaction. 

C21-0048. Reasoning from periodic trends, determine whether Ge or Si has a larger band gap. Use orbital overlap arguments to support your choice. 

Kaiser, K.L.E. 1982. Early trend determination of organochlorine contamination from residue ratios in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and its lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) host. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39 571-579. 

We will consider three classes of trends determined largely by variations in... 

Figure l6.l6 Time series of particulate nitrogen (PN) export and isotopic composition determined from 150-m floating sediment trap collections at Station ALOHA. (Top) PN flux (pmol N m d ). Error bars represent SE of three to six individual trap measurements. (Bottom) Stable nitrogen isotopic composition (c5 N) of trap-collected material (%o vs. air N2). Error bars, where shown, represent SE of two to three individual trap measurements. Dotted lines represent the isotopic compositions of exported PN expected when supported entirely hy nitrate (6.5°/oo) or entirely by dinitrogen gas (0 %o). The solid line indicates a decreasing trend determined hy linear regression. The trend break at the end of 2002 remains to he explained. Updated and revised from Dore et al. (2002). 

While the average OH concentration appears to be fairly well defined by this method, the temporal trends in OH are more difficult to discern since they require long-term measurements, and very accurate calibrations, model transports, and above all, a very accurate time series of CH3CCI3 emissions (Prinn et al, 1992). In the first attempt at trend determination, Prinn et al (1992) derived an OH trend of 1.0 0.8%yr between 1978 and 1990. Due primarily to a subsequent recalibration of the ALE/GAGE/AGAGE CH3CCI3 measurements, the estimated 1978-1994 trend was lowered to 0.0 0.2% yr (Prinn et al, 1995). In a subsequent reanalysis of the same measurements (but not with the same emissions),... 

Evans C. D., Monteith D. T., and Harriman R. (2001c) Longterm variability in the deposition of marine ions at west coast sites in the UK acid waters monitoring network impacts on surface water chemistry and significance for trend determination. Sci. Tot. Environ. 265, 115-129. 

Fig. 6. Retain capacity, (a) Leak off pressures and repeat formation test data from the North Sea Central Graben. The curve is the minimum in situ horizontal stress trend, determined from the lower bound of leak off test data, (b) Retain capacity in the North Sea Central Graben. Retain capacity is the difference between the minimum horizontal in situ stress and the fluid pressure at any point. At low retain capacity (1000 psi or lower) the likelihood of trap failure is increased (Gaarenstroom et al., 1993).

Tropospheric Ozone Measurements Trend Determination Surface Ozone Trends In North America (Including Mexico)... 

Section II summarizes the chemical theory most important for the discussion of ozone in the troposphere, and typical tropospheric ozone concentrations are presented in Section III. Section IV contains a short description of the methods which are currently used to measure tropospheric ozone and problems and methods of tropospheric ozone trend determination are discussed in Section V. The present knowledge of trends of surface ozone in different parts of the world is summarized in Sections VI-IX and ozone trends of the free troposphere are summarized in Section X. Section XI includes the smnmaty and some conclusions. 

Different methods have been developed for ozone trend determination and the most appropriate approach depends... 

Table IV shows the sites where ozone sondes are launched. The suitability of the records for long-term ozone trend determination depends on the lengths of the record, the frequency of the measurements (which strongly varies from record to record, see Table IV), and data quality. Some problems are caused by the lack in the homogeneity of the measurements. The change from BM to ECC sondes of the Canadian stations around the end of the 1970s introduced breaks in these series. AtPayeme (Switzerland) the launch time was changed several times leading to breaks in ozone in the planetary boundary layer because of its systematical diurnal variation.

The recent update of the ozone long-term trend determination of the sonde records in SPARC yielded the following results. Trends in tropospheric ozone are highly variable and they depend on the region. 

The deep penetration trend determined by the singularity of the transform at = As ( 3) has no practical significance when the actual character of the singularity emerges only for values of p excessively close to /xg. This difficulty occurs—as noted above—when the radiation starts in a direction obhque to that of deep penetration, and also when the function /x(A) has a jagged trend—as it often has for neutrons—with approximately equal values at different points of minimum. Analytic theory should then study the character of a mock singularity , i.e., the trend of rise of the transform when p is still at some distance from /xg. No such study has yet been carried out. 

Based on these, they established that the reactivity trends determined in the gas phase parallel solution-phase reactivity. The overall rate for the monocations in the gas phase depends on the P-complex pre-equilibrium and metalacyclobutane formation, which was found to be the rate-determining step. 

It is useful to compare our results with the experimental trends determined by Knauer and Napier [8a], which have measured Ae A s of three representative nitroxides in 31 different solvents, looking for the solvent parameter (dielectric constant, Ex(30).) which gives the best correlation with the solvent shifts. To this end they performed imweighted linear least-squares fits of An vs. the various... 

C increases at fixed area per molecule, a. This would lead to a decrease in tts, if a were really constant. However, Eqs. (8) and (14) show that a decreases when C increases at fixed surfactant concentration c, which leads to an increase of The competition between these two opposite trends determines the dependence of on the electrolyte concentration C. For sodium dodecylsulfate, the second trend (the decrease of a) is predominant and tts increases with the increase of C at fixed c. 

On the basis of periodic trends, determine which element in each pair has the higher first ionization energy (if possible). 

---