Steel specifications

Materials of Construction for Bulk Transport Because of the more severe service, construction materials for transportation usually are more restricted than for storage. Most large pipe lines are constructed of steel conforming to API Specification 5L or 5LX. Most tanks (cars, etc.) are built or pressure-vessel steels or AAR specification steels, with a few of aluminum or stainless steel. Carbon steel tanks may be hned with rubber, plastic, nickel, glass, or other materials. In many cases this is practic and cheaper than using a stainless-steel tank. Other materials for tank construction may be proposed and used if approved by the appropriate authorities (AAR and DOT). 

What this discussion identifies is that each material (specific plastic, specific steel, specific wood, etc.) behaves certain ways. If a product can be made from a specific steel rather than a specific plastic, that is the material to use. However, unfortunately for steel and other materials, plastics continue to expand its use where these other materials are not competitive propertywise and/or cost-wise. 

Heats can be tapped at exactly the desired time, avoiding off-specification steel resulting from loss of volatile additives during delayed or slow taps... 

A large fraction of the iron and steel produced today is recycled scrap. Since scrap does not require reduction, it can be melted down directly in an electric arc furnace, in which the charge is heated through its own electrical resistance to arcs struck from graphite electrodes above it. The main problem with this process is the presence of tramps (i.e., copper from electrical wiring, chromium, nickel, and various other metals) that accompany scrap steel such as crushed automobile bodies and that lead to brittleness in the product. Tin in combination with sulfur is the most troublesome tramp. Only the highest quality recycled steel—specifically, steel with no more than 0.13% tramps—can be used for new automobile bodies, and usually reprocessed scrap has to be mixed with new steel to meet these requirements. 

Tools of all types can represent upward to one-third of the companies manufacturing investment.282 Metals, specifically steels, are the most common materials of construction for the rigid parts of tools. Some mold and die tools cost more than the primary processing machinery with the... 

The purpose of the present work is to provide a systematic compilation of solidification data, describing the formation of the as-cast microstructures in steels of technical importance. The compositions have been chosen to cover a large part of the spectrum of steels in current production. Where a specific steel is not included, it should be possible to gain an outline of its solidification characteristics from related compositions present. 

Each of chapters 2 to 5 is introduced by a paragraph describing those specific steels which have been studied. The reader can quickly ascertain whether a steel composition is included or not, by examining either the tables accompanying each chapter, or the index tables given in chapter 8. 

An alternative method of enhancing the properties of steel is to alloy it with another metal, M this combines both interstitial and substitutional alloy structures, with C occupying holes in the Fe lattice, and M occupying lattice sites. Stainless steel is an example of an alloy steel and is discussed further in Box 5.2. For high-wear resistance (e.g. in rail and tram tracks), Mn is alloyed with steel. Other alloy steels contain Ti, V, Co or W, and each solute metal confers specific properties on the finished product. Specific steels are described in Sections 21.2 and 22.2. 

As silicon levels in hot metal have reduced in recent years, so have the amounts of quicklime required to combine with it. The lower slag volumes have reduced the capability of the BOS process to remove sulfur and phosphorous. This, coupled with the increasing demand for higher specification steels, has placed increased emphasis on de-sulfurisation and de-phosphorisation of pig iron (see section 27.3). At some UK plants, a siliceous stone (70 % SiOa and 13 to 17 % AI2O3) is added to increase the volume of slag. 

Joist - A structural, load-carrying building member with an open web system that supports floors and roofs utilizing wood or specific steels and is designed as a simple span member. 

The VODC process provides specific steel qualities, which cannot be obtained by other methods. The total oxygen content is also lower than what is typical for electric arc melted and AOD-treated steel, because a high level of oxide inclusions are removed form the melt during the VODC process, and most of the dissolved oxygen is further removed during the degassing phase. 

Where experience shows that specific steels, pretreatments, thermal and mechanical treatments, pickling and hot dip galvanizing procedures have been satisfactory, the information serves as an indication that an embrittlement problem is not to be expected for the same combination of steels, pretreatments, thermal and mechanical treatments, and galvanizing procedures. 

The second method of ASTM G 101 uses a predictive equation, based on the chemical composition of the steel, to calculate a corrosion resistance index. If the index for a specific steel composition falls within the range normally expected for weathering steel, the indication is that the steel in question contains sufficient alloying elements (in the proper proportion) such that it should perform as a weathering steel. Averages and ranges of corrosion resistance indices, taken from ASTM G 101, for ASTM A 242 and ASTM A 588 steels, ai shown in Table 3. 

EFR V5 Super-Phenix 1 (100%) comparison of the specific steel weight (steel only) in t/MW(e). 

Method for evaluation of a specific capital outlay for constmction Through specific steel intensity of plant equipment, t/MW(e) ... 

Specific steel intensity of MBRU-12 56 t/MW(e) Better than similar index for a NPP with light water reactor of 38 MW(th)... 

Boron trichloride is approved for filling in specification steel or nickel cylinders as pre-... 

Reactor core. During these ten years, the behaviour of the subassemblies was strongly improved by the choice of specific steels, for wrapper and cladding, with low swelling properties. The maximum bumup achieved was 136 000 MWd/t of oxide. 

Magnetic materials — a glossary. Pfizer Corporation, Easton (1985) Systems and specifications. Steel Structures Paint Council (1990) Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York... 

Specific steel intensity of reactor equipment 3.95 t/MW(e) Better than a similar index for BN-600 (6.9), BN-800 (5.6) reactors, and more than that for new generation reactors of high power BN-1600M (1.5), EFR (0.87)... 

Specific steel intensity of NPP equipment 6.7 t/MW(e) Several times more than that for new generation reactors of high power... 

The implemented safety system enhancements, use of steam reheating, and reduction in the number of auxiliary systems resulted in reduction of the specific steel consumption firom 4.3 ton/MWth for BN-600 to 2.7 ton/MW, for BN-800. The estimated core damage frequency (CDF) is 7 x 10 per year, and the estimated large release firequency (LRF) is below 10 per year. The main design and performance characteristics of BN-800 are given in Table 12.2. 

Brockenbrough RE (2002) AISC Rehabilitation Bemam on and retrofit guide - a reference for historic shapes and specifications. Steel design guide series 15. American Institute for Steel Construction, Chicago... 

Tlie carbon concentration, in weight percent times 100, is inserted in the place of xx for each specific steel. 

A multitude of steels are responsive to a martensitic heat treatment, and one of the most important criteria in the selection process is hardenability. Hardenability ciuwes, when used in conjunction with plots such as those in Figure 11.18 for various quenching media, may be used to ascertain the suitability of a specific steel alloy for a particular application. Conversely, the appropriateness of a quenching procedure for an alloy may be determined. For parts that are to be involved in relatively high stress applications, a minimum of 80% martensite must be produced throughout the interior as a consequence of the quenching procedure. Only a 50% minimum is required for moderately stressed parts. 

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