Cognitive information

Deficient knowledge is die absence or deficiency of cognitive information to a specific subject. In the case of self-administration of dm die patient lacks sufficient knowledge to administer the drug regimen correctiy. It may also relate to a lack of interest in learning, cognitive limitation, or the inability to remember. 

In a further case relating to the structure of data stored on or in a record carrier used in a picture retrieval system, the European Patent Office s Boards of Appeal have considered the issue of patentability of a data structure [22]. Initially the patent application had been rejected on the grounds that the presentation of data was excluded from patentability (see above). However, in accepting an appeal filed by the patent applicant, the Board pointed out that there was a difference between the functional data, which controlled the technical working of the system, and the cognitive information, which represented the picture that could be retrieved and displayed. The Board stated that functional data relates to data that control the technical operation of the system. These data do not relate to the presentation of information, and thus data structures containing this information should be patentable. On the other hand, the cognitive information relates to the picture that could be retrieved and displayed. 

Applying the Board s decision to the data generated in the use of microarrays would suggest that a data structure is patentable if the data relate to the control of a microarray experiment or to the display of information obtained from a microarray experiment. Furthermore, as data relating to the DNA sequences or protein structure are not merely cognitive information, it is possible to argue that data structures containing the information on the DNA sequences or on the protein structure will be patentable. 

Each sensory afferent neuron connects with an interneuron or accessory neuron. These interneurons are located entirely within the CNS, with the majority occurring in the cerebral cortex. They form numerous interconnections and are the means by which all cognitive information, thoughts and feelings, are processed. It should be emphasised that the main role of this processing of information is inhibitory. The sensory receptors provide the CNS with a massive amount of data. The interneurons process and filter this into a limited amount of useful and important informa tion. Conscious information processing forms just one part of this activity. A great deal of brain activity is concerned with routine processes, which continue without conscious awareness. 

KeUerman, A. (2007). Cyberspace classification and cognition Information and communications cyberspaces. Journal of Urban Technology, 14, 5-32. 

This collects information from the plant and the environment, and processes it into a form suitable for the cognition subsystem. The essential elements are ... 

The information may not be readily distinguishable either because it is too faint or because it may not be easily separated from other similar information. For example, a critical measurement on a multipoint temperature recorder may be lost in the surroimding clutter of irrelevant information. As discussed in the cognitive engineering approach described in Section 2.6, the worker may also ignore sources of information because of preconceptions that lead him or her to believe they are not significant. 

Instead of the human being conceptualized as a passive system element, to be treated in the same way as a pump or valve, the cognitive approach emphasizes the fact that people impose meaning on the information they receive, and their actions are almost always directed to achieving some explicit or implicit goal. 

Several examples have already been provided of the use of cognitive models of error to evaluate the possible causes of accidents that have already occurred. This form of retrospective analysis performs a vital role in providing information on the recurring underlying causes of accidents in which human error is implicated. The advantage of an analytical framework driven by a model of human error is that it specifies the nature of the questions that need... 

Cognitive "tunnel vision" This is also known as "hypothesis anchoring" because the worker tends to seek information which confirms the initially formulated hypothesis about the state of the process, and to disregard information which dis-confirms it. 

In general, HTA, IMAS, and CADET fulfill most of the above criteria, hence they can be used together as a framework for carrying out both action and cognitive task analysis. When particular aspects of the human-machine interaction must be examined in greater detail for example, the temporal characteristics of the task or the team communications, certain methods can be selected to provide this information—OSDs in this case. Most TA methods... 

Process transients and equipment failures may require workers to develop a new strategy to control the process. Detection, diagnosis, and fault-compensation are tasks in which workers may have little experience and the information needs may be different from those of familiar tasks. Again, methods of task and error analyses, particularly those concerned with human cognitive functions, may be useful in deciding what information should be displayed to help workers detect process transients, diagnose their causes and develop new strategies. 

Cognitive "tunnel vision" A characteristic of human performance under stress. Information is sought that confirms the initial hypothesis about the state of the process while disregarding information that contradicts the h3q)othesis. 

Mindset Syndrome A stress-related phenomenon in which information that does not support a person s understanding of a situation is ignored. (See also Cognitive tunnel vision.)... 

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