Precautions toxic effects

Complicated biological systems (bioassays) at trace element concentration levels typical for offshore waters, are subject to serious danger of contamination. Without extreme precautions e.g. Carpenter and Lively (1980) and Fitzwater et al. (1982) found the toxic effect (inhibition of primary production) of contamination by the incubation bottles. Effects of adsorption to walls and particulate matter (sediment) should not be underestimated. Use of clean lab techniques and regular check of the trace element concentrations throughout the (biological) experiments is necessary to get an indication of the actual concentration and possible distribution of the different elements. Depending on the type of experiments it could be possible that other parametes should be known or even controlled pE, PO2, ionic strength, temperature, DOC etc. 

Nitrogen itself is a relatively inert substance with no toxic effects except that it can di.splace air and cause suffocation without proper venting. Liquid nitrogen has a temperature of minus 320 F (-196 C). Its appearance is that of water, however, it is extremely cold and requires special safety equipment and precautions to be handled correctly. 

Toxicological studies of the chlorite ion and of CIO2 have shown that sodium chlorite causes hemolysis at 50 ppm. As a precaution, it is recommended that finished water should contain no more than 1 ppm of CIO2, which can therefore be reduced to no more than 1 ppm of C102 ion. Animal studies have shown the lowest levels of chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite, which cause observable toxic effects to be substantially greater than 1 ppm or so, which is used for water treatment (Table 3). 

The estimated world production in the period 1930 to 1974 is about 1.2 X 10 tons," of this about one third has been released into the environment without any precautions regarding toxic effects on biota and any care to prevent environmental pollution. This has led to the widespread occurrence of PCBs aU over the world, even in remote areas. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under the provisions of the Toxic Substances Control Act, specifically banned most of the uses of PCBs in 1997. Current releases of PCBs are mainly as a result of the cycle of these persistent contaminants from soil to air and back to soil again. Other possible sources of contamination, such as leaching, occurs. Moreover, PCBs can be unintentionally produced as by-products in a wide variety of chemical processes which contain chlorine and hydrocarbon sources, during water chlorination, and by thermal degradation of other chlorinated organics. ... 

Products and Uses An additive in fluorescent paint that produces crackle or crystal effects. Precautions Toxic by breathing. 

Precautions Deadly poison by swallowing or skin contact. Human mutagen (changes inherited characteristics). In 1985 over 150 people in California exhibited toxic effects from eating watermelons contaminated with aldicarb. FDA permits limited use. On EPA Extremely Hazardous Substances list. 

Precautions Suspected carcinogen that caused cancer in animals. Poison to humans by swallowing. Can be absorbed through the skin, resulting in toxic effects. Swallowing or skin contact results in tremors, convulsions, excitement, ataxia (loss of muscle coordination), and gastritis. Combustible liquid. It is no longer permitted for use as a termiticide in homes. 

Precautions Toxic by swallowing. Irritant to eyes, nose and throat. Usually 30% concentration or less is effective and not toxic to humans. Avoid using products that contain DEET on cats. Cats are more vulnerable to toxic substances than humans or dogs because they lack the enzymes that break down toxic substances in the liver. 

Precautions Toxic by swallowing, breathing, and skin absorption. Effects on the human body by swallowing are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and somnolence (sleepiness). 

Handling, Storage, and Precautions store under refrigeration and protect from moisture acutely irritating solid, with toxic effects similar to those of the free halogens avoid inhalation use an efficient fume hood perform all operations as rapidly as possible to avoid extensive decomposition of the reagent. 

Rigorous hygiene precautions were imposed in the fluoroaromatics plant area because of the potential toxic effects of fluoroaromatic products, intermediates and potassium fluoride. Access to the plant was limited and personnel working regularly on the plant had frequent medical checks. 

Empirical C28H56O2 Formula C11H23COOC16H33 Properties Oily liq. almost odorless sol. in org. soivs. insol. in water m.w. 424.7 f.p. -65 C Toxicology May cause adverse or toxic effects Precaution Combustible Uses Lubricant, fixing agent, and solvent in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals plasticizer mold release agent textile softener Manuf./Distrib. Sigma... 

Some gases can also have a toxic effect on the human system either by being inhaled or by having high vapor concentrations of liquefied gas come in contact with the skin or eyes. Precautions against liquefied gases and cryogenic... 

In the practical experience of manufacturers and applicators, herbicidal 5-triazines have proved to be virtually nontoxic. Consistent evidence of toxic effects has not been reported (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 1986 Loosli 1994 Velvart 1993). It is particularly pertinent that the health files of major manufacturing plants have no record of triazine poisoning, although safety precautions in the early years of production prevented worker exposure to a limited extent only (Ciba-Geigy 1993, personal communication). 

There is a significant difference in the toxicological effects of saturated and unsaturated afiphatic aldehydes. As can be seen in Table 6, the presence of the double bond considerably enhances toxicity. The precautions for handling reactive unsaturated aldehydes such as acrolein, methacrolein [78-85-3] and crotonaldehyde should be the same as those for handling other highly active eye and pulmonary irritants, as, for example, phosgene. 

---