Power asymmetry

Yahuda, International Politics of the Mia-Pacific, p. 78. On the power asymmetry within the strategic triangle, and on China s essentially reactive participation, see Robert Ross, Conclusion Tripolarity and Policy Making, in Ross, ed., China, the United States, and the Soviet Union Tripolarity and Policy Making in the Cold War (London, 1993). 

Governance type Complexity of transactions Ability to codify transaction Capabilities in the supply -base Degree of power asymmetry in the supply chain... 

As the example of the Russian Federation demonstrates, while historical factors such as power asymmetries and the role of previous political leadership causally define groups present status, the historical demarcation of groups is dynamic and often unhelpful in identifying group agents in present-day conflicts. Moreover, the... 

Vegt, G. S., Jong, S. B., Bunderson, J. S., Molleman, E. (2010). Power asymmetry and learning in teams The moderating role of performance feedback. Organization Science, 27(2), 347-361. 

SHG Optical second-harmonic generation [95, 96] A high-powered pulsed laser generates frequency-doubled response due to the asymmetry of the interface Adsorption and surface coverage rapid surface changes... 

Clearly Fig. 7 must actually have a maximum at high asymmetry since this corresponds to negligible anchor block size and therefore to no adsorption (ct = 0). The lattice theory of Evers et al. predicts this quantitatively [78] and is, on preliminary examination, also able to explain some aspects of these data. From these data, the deviation from power law behavior occurs at a number density of chains where the number of segments in the PVP blocks are insufficient to cover the surface completely, making the idea of a continuous wetting anchor layer untenable. Discontinuous adsorbed layers and surface micelles have been studied theoretically but to date have not been directly observed experimentally [79]. 

Ever since Pasteur s work with enantiomers of sodium ammonium tartrate, the interaction of polarized light has provided a powerful, physical probe of molecular chirality [18]. What we may consider to be conventional circular dichroism (CD) arises from the different absorption of left- and right-circularly polarized light by target molecules of a specific handedness [19, 20]. However, absorption measurements made with randomly oriented samples provide a dichroism difference signal that is typically rather small. The chirally induced asymmetry or dichroism can be expressed as a Kuhn g-factor [21] defined as ... 

Perlmutter JS, Powers WJ, Herscovitch R Fox PT, Raichle ME. Regional asymmetries of cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and oxygen utilization and extraction in normal subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987 7 64-67. 

Because of the asymmetry of power between science and occultism, and the ever-growing public faith in the authority of science, the members of a borderland institution like the Alchemical Society had to work self-consciously to solidify its public perception as a scientific society. But the subject of the Society—alchemy—already enjoyed considerable prestige in the occult community. So the Alchemical Society used the impressive scientific and educational credentials of its membership as part of its self-validation in the eyes of the scientific world and the broader public. Most formal mentions by the Journal of its members (either as authors of papers or as participants in the... 

Peak asymmetry is another common problem affecting separating power and quantitative analysis. An example is shown in Fig. 14.12. There are two types of asymmetry ... 

The number of such independent terms in a metal hexacarbonyl is 13 (10 if we discard quartic terms containing the distortion of some CO group raised to an odd power), in addition to the three harmonic force and interaction constants. Thus the number of physical quantities exceeds the number of parameters that may, with the available data, be fitted to Eq. (18). There is the further possibihty that the observed frequencies are distorted by interaction with solvent in a way that is not adequately compensated for by Eq. (18). The classical amplitude of a triply excited oscillator is greater than that for one that is only singly excited, and so jostling of solvent and solute molecules, and variability and asymmetry in the solvent sheath, may become important. This may explain the observation that binary and more especially ternary i.r. bands are considerably broader than are fundamentals in the same solvents. 

This information asymmetry poses a powerful challenge to sponsors. The problem is particularly severe for end-to-end proposals, which, as previously noted, are automatically limited to pull incentives like prizes or Advanced Purchase Commitments. These incentives share the generic weakness that sponsors must decide how large a reward to offer. If sponsors offer a reward that is lower than expected costs, no R D occurs. But if sponsors offer a reward that is higher than expected costs, they will pay too much for any desired level of R D. Sponsors could avoid both dangers if end-to-end systems were compatible with contract R D, which lets sponsors set rewards based on sealed bids and other forms of competition that encourage researchers to reveal their true costs. Commercial pharmaceutical companies routinely use contract R D to contain preclinical and human testing costs. 

The chiral lactone (178) has been used for the synthesis of a variety of natural products, such as sugars, lignans, terpenes, alkaloids, and P-lactams as a chiral building block 182c,184). The use of (178) as a powerful inductor of asymmetry was mainly established by Takano et al. 181, 84> one can expect more highly interesting reports from this group. 

The most perceptible experimental reason is the evident asymmetry of the Universe. The CP violation alone, on the level allowed by the Standard model, is not sufficient to explain the excess of matter in the Universe [18]. Finding a suitable extension of the Standard Model is not easy not only do the GUT theories tend to violate CPT invariance but they are also difficult to test. Specifically they can not be tested by means of the particle accelerator experiments, which so far have been very successful in extending our knowledge of Physics. This is because the GUT energy is some 1013 times larger than what we can now days produce in the most powerful accelerators. Consequently we must look for the low-energy manifestations of GUT and CPT invariance. Interestingly some possibilities for such tests lie within the realm of atomic and molecular physics. 

In order to be able to model this cognitive effect it was necessary to quantify to what extent a distortion, as found by the model, resulted from leaving out a time-frequency component or from the introduction of a new time-frequency component in the signal. One problem was that when a distortion is introduced in the signal at a certain time-frequency point there will in general already be a certain power level at that point. Therefore a time-frequency component will never be completely new. A first approach to quantify the asymmetry was to use the power ratio between output and input at a certain time-frequency point to quantify the newness of this component. When the power ratio between the output y and input x, py /px at a certain time-frequency point is larger than 1.0 an audible distortion is assumed more annoying than when this ratio is less than 1.0. 

Furthermore, asymmetries in risk hedging and allocation have an impact. Utilities in the power sector (with a more conservative risk profile and relatively restrictive allocations) have needed to buy from other sectors, which were under no pressure to sell surplus allowances. This sellers market arguably inflated prices. Auctions on a regular basis (e.g. biannually) would improve, both directly and indirectly, the liquidity of the market, by reducing this type of problem. 

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