Powers Ratio

We next calculate EUF and FESR over a range of heat to power ratios Ap = A g. 

Effect of vehicle weight/power ratio on acceleration time. 

Z3 correspond to the maximum and minimum values of cos ere P, = power ratio (i.e., the percentage of power passing W. Solving the abscissa value, 2tt L/C for f yields the frequency at which maximum, minimum, and 0 values of cos W occur. The cos W curve may now he constructed. Intermediate values of cos W may he approximated from this curve to construct the power ratio curve, shown in Figures 13-21A and 13-21B. 

The high efficiency of conversion of the diesel generator immediately restricts its potential improvement compared with gas turbines. With the simple addition of a boiler, the gas turbine can give a heat/power ratio of 2 1 compared with the diesel s 0.6 1. (The diesel heat/power... 

This gives indicative heat/power ratios only an actual performance will depend on the machine. 

Gas turbines are available with power outputs of 1 MW upwards, and the exhaust is used to fire waste-heat boilers. The high oxygen content of the exhaust enables supplementary firing to be used to increase the heat/power ratio as desired. 

Reading gassed power to ungassed power ratio from the plot for the ratio of PJP, defined in Figure 6.6, Chapter 6. 

If you have access to the graph Pg/P that is good, read gassed power to ungassed power ratio off of the graph. 

Comparisons of rod bundle data with the Columbia correlation and other existing correlations were made using COBRA-IIIC code for predictions of all correlations. The DNBR (or CHFR) reported is not the critical power ratio as used by other authors. The DNBR errors reported by Reddy and Fighetti (1983) are based on the following analysis The measured local heat flux at the experimental location of the first or higher-rank CHF indications is compared with the predicted CHF calculated using local conditions from the subchannel analysis for the... 

Using Eqs. (5-42)-(5-46) in Section 5.3.2.2 with iterative calculations, the predicted CHF were compared with Columbia University data (Fighetti and Reddy, 1983). The comparison was made by examining the statistical results of critical power ratios (DNBRs), where... 

Since the uncertainty of the CHF predictions determines the safety margin of the protection systems and control systems for limiting the operating power of a reactor, the critical power ratio evaluated in (a) or (b) represents a realistic parameter for ensuring a proper safety margin. The simple CHF ratio as defined in (c) is rather too optimistic from a reactor safety point of view. 

A reduced velocity (Boure, 1966 Ishii and Zuber, 1970) involving the flow rate-versus-heating power ratio or its reciprocal [phase change number in Ishii and Zuber (1970)]. This group includes the specific volume ratio in Boure (1966) and in Ishii and Zuber (1970). 

ASTM E387-04 Standard test method for estimating stray radiant power ratio of dispersive spectrophotometers by the opaque filter method. 

The ratio of symmetry numbers s s° in equation 11.40 merely represents the relative probabilities of forming symmetrical and unsymmetrical molecules, and ni and nf are the masses of exchanging molecules (the translational contribution to the partition function ratio is at all T equal to the power ratio of the inverse molecular weight). Denoting as AX, the vibrational frequency shift from isotopically heavy to light molecules (i.e., AX, = X° — X ) and assuming AX, to be intrinsically positive, equation 11.40 can be transated into... 

Typical flux data with two interpromoter spacings (AL) are shown in Figure 28 as a function of the cross-flow rate. The flux Increased by a factor of 3 for the best case. Though Probstein did not plot his data in this way, it is Interesting to note that the empty channel flux has a predictable 0.33 power dependence on tangential velocity. With the turbulence promoters, the slope shifts closer to the 0.7-0.8 power dependence normally observed in turbulent flow. Unfortunately, data are not available in Probstein s paper on the increased pressure drop associated with the turbulence promoters, but it would appear that the flux to power ratio is greatly improved with turbulence promoters. 

Standard Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power Ratio of Spectrophotometers by Opaque Filter Method, ASTM E 387-84, 1998. 

BEL (B). A dimensionless unit for expressing the ratio of tsvo values of power, being the logarithm to the base 10 of the power ratio. (The more commonly used unit, decibel (dB), is 10 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the power ratio. A bel is 10 decibel.)... 

In order to be able to model this cognitive effect it was necessary to quantify to what extent a distortion, as found by the model, resulted from leaving out a time-frequency component or from the introduction of a new time-frequency component in the signal. One problem was that when a distortion is introduced in the signal at a certain time-frequency point there will in general already be a certain power level at that point. Therefore a time-frequency component will never be completely new. A first approach to quantify the asymmetry was to use the power ratio between output and input at a certain time-frequency point to quantify the newness of this component. When the power ratio between the output y and input x, py /px at a certain time-frequency point is larger than 1.0 an audible distortion is assumed more annoying than when this ratio is less than 1.0. 

In the internal representation model the time-frequency plane is divided in cells with a resolution of 20 ms along in the time axis (time index m) and of 0.2 Bark along the frequency axis (frequency index /). A first approach was to use the power ratio between the output y and input x, py px in every (At, A f) cell (m, /) as a correction factor for the noise disturbance L (m, l) in that cell (nomenclature is chosen to be consistent with [Beerends and Stemerdink, 1992]). 

A better approach turned out to be to average the power ratio py px between the output y and input x over a number of consecutive time frames. This implies that if a codec introduces a new time-frequency component this component will be more annoying if it is present over a number of consecutive frames. The general form of the cognitive correction is defined as ... 

Note that Eq. (71) is definied as a power ratio, contrary to the amplitude ratio in Eq. (4). 

At high concentrations Eq. (16.21) holds, according to which rj is proportional to cJ and Mp, and a//l 1.5. At very low concentrations rjsp is proportional to the first power of c and, according to the Mark-Houwink equation, to a power of M of about 0.7. This gives the same power ratio of about 1.5. This ratio seems to hold over the whole concentration range. 

However the bel and the decibel should only be used when expressing power levels as a decadic logarithm, and the neper when expressing field levels using a natural logarithm. In practice the neper and the bel are hardly ever used. Only the decibel is used, to represent the decadic logarithm of a power ratio, particularly in the context of acoustics, and in labelling the controls of power amplifiers. Thus the statement LP = n dB implies that 10 lg(P/P0) = n. 

METHOD E POWER FACTOR APPLIED TO PLANT-CAPACITY RATIO. This method for study or order-of-magnitude estimates relates the fixed-capital investment of a new process plant to the fixed-capital investment of similar previously constructed plants by an exponential power ratio. That is, for certain similar process plant configurations, the fixed-capital investment of the new facility is equal to the fixed-capital investment of the constructed facility C multiplied by the ratio R, defined as the capacity of the new facility divided by the capacity of the old, raised to a power x. This power has been found to average between 0.6 and 0.7 for many process facilities. Table 19 gives the capacity power factor (x) for various kinds of processing plants. 

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