Caffeine dependence

Total caffeine consumption will vary with a number of factors that are often difficult to disentangle. For caffeine exposure attributable to coffee, this includes brewing method and preparation type of coffee (Arabica, Robusta, instant), averaging to 1.3% caffeine for roasted beans 39 brand of coffee size of coffee cup and the volume of added ingredients, such as milk, cream sweeteners, and syrups. There are several different brewing or preparation techniques by which coffee can be prepared. Most notably, they differ in their final extraction of caffeine depending on the process. Filter coffee or automatic drip coffee results in approximately 97 to 100% caffeine extraction 37 however, regional differences in the volume of coffee... 

Engels F. Caffeine dependency brewing. Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter, November 11, 1995. 

Psychological aspects of caffeine dependency, to the extent that they occur, may be due to the reinforcing effects of the drug.235-297 In fact, doses as low as 25 mg have been shown to have reinforcing properties.284 Although caffeine may not be as reinforcing as other psychostimulants,163 animal studies have shown that it does have the properties of a positive reinforcer.298... 

These reinforcing effects are especially prevalent in coffee drinking, where the two major reasons for consumption appear to be the stimulation and relief given by the caffeine.299 One study showed that, while nondependent heavy coffee drinkers consumed the same amount of coffee regardless of the presence of caffeine, those who were caffeine dependent consumed significantly more coffee when it was caffeinated.290 In addi-... 

Strain, E. C., Mumford, G., Silverman, K., Griffiths, R. R., et-al., Caffeine dependence syndrome Evidence from case histories and experimental evaluations. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (1993, Honolulu, Hawaii). JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association 272(13), 1043-1048, 1994. 

Caffeine and related purines are uncharged under physiological conditions and, due to their dual hydrophilic and lipophilic character, easily penetrate cell-, tissue- and organ-related barriers. In Coffea arabica, compartmentation of purine alkaloids, e.g. caffeine, depends exclusively on the physical chemistry of their vacuolar complexation with chlorogenic acid (Waldhauser and Baumann, 1996). 

Goldstein, A., 8c Wallace, M. E. (1997). Caffeine dependence in school children Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 388-392. ... 

Caffeine is currently the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world." In the United States, 80% to 90% of adults regularly consume behaviorahy active doses of caffeine." Although research has shown that caffeine can cause a compulsive pattern of use, the prevalence of caffeine dependence and its clinical significance are difhcult to determine. 

Caffeine has been proposed as a model of drug abuse despite the facts that its sale is largely unrestricted and that heavy consumption of caffeine-containing beverages is not considered to be drug abuse. A recent exhaustive review of caffeine dependence focused on the potential for abuse of caffeine and the nature of tolerance and withdrawal and presents a symposium of current knowledge as to the site(s) and mechanism of action of caffeine. A second comprehensive review of human and animal data on coffee and caffeine consumption and caffeine dependence, withdrawal, and reinforcement also has been published. " The information below represents a broad overview of these topics, and the reader interested in more detail is urged to consult these two reviews. " ... 

Griffiths RR, Juliano LM, Chausmer AL. Caffeine pharmacology and clinical effects. In Graham AW, Schultz TK, Mayo-Smith MF, et al, eds. Principles of Addiction Medicine, 3rd ed., pp. 193—224. Chevy Chase, MD, American Society of Addiction, 2003. Available at http //www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine dependence.html. 

Strain EC, Mumford GK, Silverman K, et al. Caffeine dependence syndrome Evidence from case histories and experimental evaluations. JAMA 1994 272 1043-1048. 

Jamieson, R.W. (2004) The essence of commodification caffeine dependencies in the early modern world. /. Soc. Hist., 35,269-294. 

The leaf and leaf buds of Cammelia sinensis (L.) O Kuntze and other related plants and most teas contain, depending upon climate, specific variety, time of harvest, etc, somewhat less than 5% caffeine (16) and smaller amounts of theophylline (133, Rj = Rg = CHg Rg = H) and theobromine (133,... 

Glassification of Substance-Related Disorders. The DSM-IV classification system (1) divides substance-related disorders into two categories (/) substance use disorders, ie, abuse and dependence and (2) substance-induced disorders, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorder. The different classes of substances addressed herein are alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, caimabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, polysubstance, and others. On the basis of their significant socioeconomic impact, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids have been selected for discussion herein. 

CmC, a preservative in commercial preparations of some intravenous drugs, activates CICR in a way similar to that of caffeine. 4-CmC is more potent than caffeine and shows isoform-dependent activation profiles it is much less effective in RyR3 than RyRl or RyR2. 

Caffeine is a mild to potent CNS stimulant, with the degree of its stimulating effect dependent on the dose administered. Caffeine stimulates the CNS at all levels, including the cerebral cortex, die medulla, and the spinal cord. Caffeine has mild analeptic (respiratory stimulating) activity. Other actions include cardiac stimulation (which may produce tachycardia), dilatation of coronary and peripheral blood vessels, constriction of cerebral blood vessels, and skeletal muscle stimulation. Caffeine also has mild diuretic activity. 

False negative muscle contraction tests are very rare. To date, a negative muscle contraction test rules out MH. A false negative test can be explained by the presence of two types of muscle fibers in a MH susceptible patient the response being dependent on the proportion of the two types of muscle fibers. The K-type designation is used to describe a patient who has a positive joint halothane-caffeine contracture, but a negative separate halothane or caffeine contracture. Whether K-type individuals are MH-susceptible or not is a controversial issue. 

Jaffe JH Drug dependence opioids, nonnarcotics, nicotine (tobacco), and caffeine, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 5th Edition, Vol 1. Edited by Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Baltimore, Williams c Wilkins, 1989, pp 642-686 Jaffe J, Knapp CM, Ciraulo DA Opiates clinical aspects, in Substance Abuse A Comprehensive Textbook. Edited by Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, et al. New York, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004, pp 158—165 Jarvis MA, Schnoll SH Methadone use dming pregnancy. NIDA Res Monogr 149 58— 77, 1995... 

The various stimulants have no obvious chemical relationships and do not share primary neurochemical effects, despite their similar behavioral effects. Cocaines chemical strucmre does not resemble that of caffeine, nicotine, or amphetamine. Cocaine binds to the dopamine reuptake transporter in the central nervous system, effectively inhibiting dopamine reuptake. It has similar effects on the transporters that mediate norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. As discussed later in this chapter in the section on neurochemical actions mediating stimulant reward, dopamine is very important in the reward system of the brain the increase of dopamine associated with use of cocaine probably accounts for the high dependence potential of the drug. 

In addition the role played by the sorbent on which the chromatography is carried out must not be neglected. For instance, it is only on aluminium oxide layers and not on silica gel that it is possible to detect caffeine and codeine by exposure to chlorine gas and treatment with potassium iodide — ben2idine [37]. The detection limits can also depend on the sorbent used. The detection limit is also a function of the h/ f value. The concentration of substance per chromatogram zone is greater when the migration distance is short than it is for components with high h/ f values. Hence, compounds with low h/ f values are more sensitively detected. 

Care must be exercised in the choice of acid employed in chloramine T — mineral acid reagent since the detection sensitivity and also the color of the fluorescences produced depend to a significant extent on the choice of acid. This is illustrated for the purine derivatives caffeine, theobromine and theophylline in Figure 1 and Table 1. 

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