Polyvinylpyrrolidone solubility

PROPERTIES AND USE IN ANALYSIS OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMER - POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE... 

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is water-soluble polymer, whieh is widely used in various industries and agrieulture beeause of high inelination to the eomplex formation and eapaeity to stabilization of different systems. 

For well soluble compounds like the important co-factor NAD, the release was rather fast (within 1 hour) and to slow it we increased the viscosity inside the tubules, using as solvent water with 5 wt% of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone). In Figure 14.7 one can see 7 hours linear NAD release from halloysite [6]. An initial burst of 20 % in the release curve is typical for release from halloysite. 

CaMV = cauliflower mosaic virus DMSO = dimethylsulfoxide PVP = polyvinylpyrrolidone TSP = total soluble protein U = unit... 

A number of other materials have been shown to increase the solubility of gramicidin in aqueous solution. Alcohols66, xanthocillin66, fatty acid amides76, fatty acid alcohols71, aliphatic amines72 and polyvinylpyrrolidone 7 3 7 4. 

Anion-based organic dye nanoparticles can be also synthesized on the basis of the ion-association method. In this case, hydrophobic phosphazenium cations such as tetrakis[tris(dimethylamino) phosphoranylideneamino]phosphonium cation are effective for ion-pair formation with anionic dyes. A neutral polymer stabilizer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) that is soluble in water is sometimes added for preventing agglomeration... 

Blecher, L., Lorenz, D.H., Lowd, H.L., Wood, A.S. Wyman, D.P., 1980. R.L. Davidson (ed.), Handbook of Water Soluble Gums and Resins, Chapter 21, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, McGraw-Hill, New York. 

An interesting feature of current commercial products is that the polymer vehicles available for formulation have been limited to nonionic and anionic materials. The delivery vehicles available included off-the-shelf polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose, soluble starch, hydroxyethyl-cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(acrylic acid), and polyvinylpyrrolidone, or mixtures thereof. The choice of available polymeric delivery system primarily depends on component compatibility, aesthetics, and efficacy. However, by reliance upon available (off-the-shelf) systems, limitations on bioadhesion, drug bioavailability, contraceptive efficacy, and end-use characteristics has been limited. 

Crospovidone is a cross-linked homopolymer of A-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone. Acetylene and formaldehyde react to form butynediol. Hydrogenation and subsequent cyclodehydrogenation gives butyrolactone. The reaction of butyrolactone with ammonia produces pyrrolidone, which is vinylated with acetylene under pressure. The linear polymerization of the vinylpyrrolidone yields polyvinylpyrrolidone, a soluble binder, whereas the popcorn (branched) polymerization yields crospovidone, an insoluble... 

The 24 hour salt fog corrosion resistance for the photocured B210/NVP and B210/GBL systems were vastly different. Using NVP as a diluent, SOX rusting of the sample was seen, while the GBL diluent showed no rusting. This difference is attributed to the inherent water solubility of polyvinylpyrrolidone (19). 

A variation on the Thompson and Forward method was developed in which a HA peptide or peptide-like material (e.g., gelatin, gliadin, polyproline, or soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone) is added to a sample to induce haze in proportion to the amount of HA polyphenol it contains (Siebert et al., 1996a). This gives little response in beer, which contains very little HA polyphenol, and causes much larger haze increases in fruit juices and wine. 

Thus one might expect flexible, water-soluble synthetic polymers with suitable side chains to show strong affinities for small molecules. In the course of 20 years we examined the binding ability of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polylysine, polyacrylamide, polyisopro-pylacrylamide, polyvinylimidazole, polyvinylmethyloxazolidinone,... 

Other investigators have also studied similar synthetic polymers.11-17 In our experience no water-soluble polymer binds small molecules with an avidity comparable to serum albumin. A comparison of the latter with two of the best-binding polymers18 is shown in Fig. 1. Neither polymer binds as strongly as serum albumin. Despite its large cationic charge and many apolar (—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—) side chains, polylysine shows very weak affinity for anions. Polyvinylpyrrolidone is more effective but not impressive. 

These polymers have high intrinsic viscosities [e.g., about 22 (ml/g), for polyvinylpyrrolidone], which indicates that the macromolecules are swollen and extended in water. In contrast, serum albumin, with an intrinsic viscosity near 4 (ml/g), must be relatively compact. Promising approaches might be, therefore, to obtain a relatively compact conformation with a water-soluble polymer by introducing cross-linkages or by using a highly branched matrix. The latter has proved to be particularly fruitful. 

In certain water-soluble polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, the minimum dose required for gel formation shows a curious dependence on concentration. As this is reduced to about 1%, the gelation dose decreases in spite of the fact that the polymer molecules are further apart. This is ascribed to the higher contribution made to polymer radi-... 

Tachibana T, Nakamura A. A method for preparing an aqueous colloidal dispersion of organic materials by using water-soluble polymers dispersion of beta-carotene by polyvinylpyrrolidone. Kolloid-Z Polym 1965 203 130-133. 

The soluble Kollidon products form reversible complexes with many hydrophobic active substances, and clear solutions in water are thus obtained. This may be affected by the molecular weight. The longer the chains or the higher the K-value of the Kollidon type, the stronger is the solubility effect and thus the greater the solubility that can be obtained by the active substance. In practice, this effect was mostly exploited for the solubilization of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. Details are given in the book Kollidon -Polyvinylpyrrolidone for the pharmaceutical industry . 

The gels can incorporate even polymers such as, for example, water-soluble polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and polypropyl-eneglycol (PPG). For the PE0/V205 system the interlayer broadening achieved 13.2 A, which corresponds to more probable placement of the polymer molecules along the layers [1373] (Fig. 11.1 b). 

An early example of Raman mapping by Breitenbach et al. [52] showed that when crystalline ibuprofen is formulated in a hot melt extrudate the API changes to the amorphous form. Ibuprofen is a sparingly water-soluble compound, so this formulation provides a route to better bioavailability via the more soluble amorphous form. Using confocal Raman mapping the form of the API was determined at the time of manufacture and under stress conditions and was used to assess the stability of the amorphous form. These studies also showed that the API was homogeneously distributed throughout the formulation based on the relative band intensities of the amorphous API and a formulation excipient, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). 

At 15-40°C the solubility of allopurinol (53) in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone increased with increasing concentration of the polyvinylpyrrolidone while differential heats of solution decreased and free energy of partitioning increased. This indicates that allopurinol forms a complex with polyvinylpyrrolidone (74JPP84). 

Soluble carriers include antibodies and soluble synthetic polymers such as poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate), poly(lysine), poly(aspartic acid), polyvinylpyrrolidone), poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-co-vinylamide) and poly (styrene co-maleic acid/anhydride). 

Polyvinylpyrrolidone occurs as a white to tan powder. It is a polymer of purified 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone produced catalyti-cally. It is soluble in water, in alcohol, and in chloroform, and is insoluble in ether. The pH of a 1 20 aqueous solution is between 3 and 7. 

Generally, the barrier or rate-controlling films are more permeable to water than the carrier films. The materials used for this purpose consisted of a base, film forming water-soluble polymer in combination with at least one hydrophilic component such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The polymers used were the same as those for the carrier films. Some recent developments are discussed herein. 

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 2-8 Available in range of molecular weight/ viscosities soluble in water and ethanol... 

Study of Ternary Tablets Percolation theory has been developed for binary systems, however, drug delivery systems usually contain more than two components. The existence and behavior of the percolation thresholds in ternary pharmaceutical dosage forms have been studied [39] employing mixtures of three substances with very different hydrophilicity and aqueous solubility (Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) cross-linked, Eudragit RS-PM, and potassium chloride). 

The experimental samples of the magnetic films were prepared using mentioned above hydrosol of magnetite and water-soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Nanoparticles from ferrofluid have been embedded into solid diamagnetic PVP matrix. Ferrofilms of PVP have been dried in air for several hours with and without external MF of 1500 G intensity. 

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