CONFOCAL RAMAN

Pauzauskie PJ, Talaga D, Seo K, Yang P, Lagugne-Labarthet F (2005) Polarized Raman confocal microscopy of single gallium nitride nanowires. J Am Chem Soc 127 17146-17147... 

Labarthet, F. L., Buffeteau, X, and Sourisseau, C. Molecular orientations in azopolymer holographic diffraction gratings as studied by Raman confocal microspectroscopy, f. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, pp. 5754-5765. 

Varian, USA) and Raman microscopy system of the NTEGRA-Spectra platform (NT-MDT, Russia). The 1064 nm line of Nd YAG laser and the 473 nm line of Ar laser were used for excitation, respectively. The advantage of the second spectrometer is the high-resolution Raman confocal imaging which is capable to register Raman scattering from thin layers located at different depths. 

Labarthet FL, et al. 2000. Photoinduced orientations of azobenzene chromophores in two distinct holographic diffraction gratings as studied by polarized Raman confocal microspectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2(22) 5154 5167. 

No.9, 1997,p.2067-75 STUDY OF THE CONFORMATIONS OF POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTAM) AND POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTAM)-POLYBUTADIENE BLOCK COPOLYMERS BY FTIR SPECTROSCOPY WITH PHOTOACOUSTIC DETECTION AND BY MICRO-RAMAN CONFOCAL SPECTROSCOPY Schmidt P Fernandez M R Pastor J M Roda J Czech Republic,Academy of Sciences ... 

FTIR spectroscopy with photoacoustic detection and micro-Raman confocal spectroscopy were used to study the conformations of poIy(epsilon caprolactam) and poly(epsilon-caprolactam)-polybutadiene block copolymers. In the block copolymers prepared by anionic polymerisation, the fraction of the planar conformation of poly(epsilon-caprolactam) chains decreased with increasing polybutadiene content. In the surface layers formed by rapid saw cutting and in the islands formed by microtome cutting, the content of the planar conformation was lowered. This was substantially increased by water treatment, especially at elevated temperatures. 15 refs. 

A more recent advance in Raman spectroscopy which has increased its versatility is Raman confocal microscopy. In confocal microscopy, out-of-focus infonnatiou, which contributes to the overall image in conventional microscopy, is eliminated by means of a... 

J Barbillat, P Dhamelincourt, M Delhaye, E Da Silva. Raman confocal microprobing, imaging and fibre-optic remote sensing A further step in molecular analysis. J Raman Spectrosc 25 3-11, 1994. NQ Dao, M Jouan. The Raman laser fiber optics (RLFO) method and its applications. Sensors Actuators B Chem 11 147-160, 1993. 

Details are given of the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy to determine the local thermoplastic content within an epoxy resin/copolyethersulphone blend. The required calibration of the Raman data is presented. The applicability of the calibrations to blends containing chlorine-ended copolyethersulphone is discussed. Results obtained with small or large Raman confocal holes were also compared. 40 refs. 

Figure Bl.2.12. Schematic diagram of apparatus for confocal Raman microscopy. From [3], used with penuission.

Plenary 8. J Grave et al, e-mail address J.Greve tn.utwente.nl (RS). Confocal direct unaging Raman microscope (CDIRM) for probing of the human eye lens. High spatial resolution of the distribution of water and cholesterol in lenses. 

Schrof W, Klingler J, Heckmann W and Horn D 1998 Confocal fluorescence and Raman microscopy in industrial research Colloid Polym. Sc/. 276 577-88... 

Leopold et al. and Nyholm et al. have investigated this oscillatory system by in situ confocal Raman spectroscopy [43], and in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance [44], and in situ pH measurement [45] with the focus being on darification of the osdllation mechanism. Based on the experimental results, a mechanism for the oscillations was proposed, in which variations in local pH close to the electrode surface play an essential role. Cu is deposited at the lower potentials ofthe oscillation followed by a simultaneous increase in pH close to the surface due to the protonation... 

When investigating opaque or transparent samples, where the laser light can penetrate the surface and be scattered into deeper regions, Raman light from these deeper zones also contributes to the collected signal and is of particular relevance with non-homogeneous samples, e.g., multilayer systems or blends. The above equation is only valid, if the beam is focused on the sample surface. Different considerations apply to confocal Raman spectroscopy, which is a very useful technique to probe (depth profile) samples below their surface. This nondestructive method is appropriate for studies on thin layers, inclusions and impurities buried within a matrix, and will be discussed below. 

Figure 1 Principle of confocal Raman microscopy A laser spot in the focal plane passes through the pinhole P. A laser spot at a distance z from the focal plane is projected in the image plane with size P, and is largely blocked by the pinhole P. [L — lens M = beam splitter fi, f2 = focal length of lens L, and L2, respectively b2 — image distance of out-of-focus laser spot). Reproduced from Tabaksblat et al. [14], with permission of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy. 2000.

Gierlinger, N., Hansmann, C., Roder, T., Sixta, H., Gindl, W. and Wimmer, R. (2005). Comparison of UV and confocal Raman spectroscopy to measure the melamine - formaldehyde resin content within ceU walls of impregnated spruce wood. Holzforschung, 59(2), 210-213. 

N. Everall, H. Owen and J. Slater, Performance analysis of an integrated process Raman analyzer using a multiplexed transmission holographic grating, CCD detection, and confocal fiberoptic sampling, Appl. Spectrosc., 49, 610-615 (1995). 

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