Polysulfone-sulfonated poly membrane

Bowen, W. R., Doneva, T. A., and Yin, H. B. 2001. Polysulfone—Sulfonated poly(ether ether)ketone blend membranes Systematic synthesis and characterisation. Journal of Membrane Science 181 253-263. 

Arthanareeswaran, G., Mohan, D., Raajenthiren, M. (2007). Preparation and Performance of Polysulfone-Sulfonated Poly(ester ester ketone) Blend Ultrafiltration Membranes. PeaXl. Appl. Surface Sci., 253(21), 8705-8712. 

Arthanareeswaran, G., Mohan, D. and Raajenthiren, M. 2007a. Preparation and performance of polysulfone-sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) blend ultrafiltration membranes. Part I. Awl. Surf. Set 253 8705-8712. 

Bowen, W.R., Doneva, T.A. Yin, H.B. (2001) Polysulfone - sulfonated poly(ether ether) ketone blend membranes systematic synthesis and characterisation. Journal of Membrane Science, 181 (2), 253-263. 

Manea, C. and Mulder, M. 2002. Characterization of polymer blends of poly-ethersulfone/sulfonated polysulfone and polyethersulfone/sulfonated poly-etheretherketone for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Journal of Membrane Science 206 443-453. 

Fu, Y. Z., Manthiram, A. and Guiver, M. D. 2006. Blend membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and polysulfone bearing benzimidazole side groups for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochemistry... 

Y. Benmakroha, I. Christie, M. Desai and P. Vadgama, Poly(vinyl chloride), polysulfone and sulfonated polyether-ether sulfone composite membranes for glucose and hydrogen peroxide perm-selectivity in amperometric biosensors, Analyst, 121 (1996) 521-526. 

Most of today s ultrafiltration membranes are made by variations of the Loeb-Sourirajan process. A limited number of materials are used, primarily polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride)-polyacrylonitrile copolymers, polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), poly(vinylidene fluoride), some aromatic polyamides, and cellulose acetate. In general, the more hydrophilic membranes are more fouling-resistant than the completely hydrophobic materials. For this reason water-soluble... 

He, T. (2008) Towards stabilization of supported liquid membranes preparation and characterization of polysulfone support and sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) coated composite hollow-fiber membranes. Desalination, 225, 82. 

Typical UF membrane materials are polysulfone (PS), poly ether sulfone (PES), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), cellulose acetate (CA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyimide (PI), and polyetherimide (PEI) ... 

Another method of preparing nanofiltration membranes is to dip-coat a thin layer of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) (SPPO) [17], sulfonated polysulfone (SPS) [18], or carboxylated polysulfone [19] on a porous substrate membrane. The sulfonic acid groups in SPPO and SPS also become negatively charged with -SO3 groups upon dissociation. Sulfonic acid is a stronger acid than carboxylic acid. 

Membrane permeation properties are largely governed by the pore sizes and the pore size distributions of UF membranes. Rather, thermal, chemical, mechanical, and biological stability are considered of greater importance. Typical UF membrane materials are polysulfone (PS), poly(ether sulfone), poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), cellulose acetate and other cellulose esters, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(vinyKdene fluoride) (PVDF), polyimide (PI), poly(etherimide) (PEI), and aliphatic polyamide (PA). All these polymers have a Tg higher than 145 °C except for celliflose esters. They are also stable chemically and mechanically, and their biodegradabflity is low. The membranes are made by the dry-wet phase inversion technique. 

Bowen et al. [40] used sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) as an additive in the polysulfone (PSf)/SPEEK/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) system. Membrane characterization was carried out using filtration studies and AEM. Membranes prepared from solutions in the region of polyelectrolyte behavior [41] showed more pronounced and systematic improvement of membrane permeability and salt rejection. A small decrease in pore size and surface roughness was also followed by an increase in SPEEK content. Compared with a - 28.5 mN m adhesion force of a 4 pm silica particle for a SPEEK free PSf membrane, a SPEEK modified membrane showed greatly reduced adhesion of - 0.75 mNm h This, together with the surface smoothening effect, leads to the reduction of membrane fouling when the surface is modified by the addition of SPEEK. 

In another study, Bowen et al. [42] prepared membranes from polymer blends of polysulfone and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (PSf/SPEEK). It was reported that these membranes had high porosities, high charge densities, and pore sizes at the boundary between NF and UE For comparison, two commercial membranes of cellulose acetate and poly(ether sulfone) were chosen. Therefore, the following four membranes were involved in their study ... 

Membrane polymers include polypropylene, poly (vinylidene difiuoride), polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), poly(ether ether ketone), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polycarbonate, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). 

Polysulfone, PSU Poly(ether sulfone), PES. Applications injection-molded parts, coatings, electronic articles, printed circuits, houseware, medical devices, membranes, lenses, optical devices. 

Fu et al. [11] reported the acid-base blend membranes based on 2-amino-benzimidazole (basic polymer) and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) (acidic polymer) for direct methanol fuel cells. A novel polymer, polysulfone-2-amide-benzimidazole (PSf-ABIm), using carboxylated polysulfone and 2-amino-benzimidazole was synthesized for this purpose. The blend membrane of SPEEK/PSf-ABIm showed high performance a s represented by Figure 1.12. The blend membrane with 3 wt% PSf-ABIm was evaluated continuously for 120 h and little or no decline in performance was found after 120 h. On the other hand, the Nafion 112 membrane standard was observed to have a decline in performance due to a much higher amount of methanol crossover. 

At present, many sulfonated derivatives of polymers such as poly(ether ether ketone), polysulfone, poly (ary lene ether snlfone), poly(styrene), and polyCphenylene sulfide) have been developed for fnel cells [10-14], More recently, the synthesis of sulfonated poly(arylene ether snlfone) and/or snlfonated poly(arylene ether ketone)s copolymers by direct copolymerization of biphenol, disnlfonated-activated aromatic halide monomers, and the precnrsor—activated aromatic halide monomer for fnel cell membrane applications— were carried ont [12,15],... 

Trogadas and Ramani summarized the modification of PEM membranes, including Nafion modified by zirconium phosphates, heteropolyacids, hydrogen sulfates, metal oxides, and silica. Membranes with sulfonated non-fluorinated backbones were also described. The base polymers polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), poly(ether ether ketone), polybenzimidazole, and polyimide. Another interesting category is acid-base polymer blend membranes. This review also paid special attention to electrode designs based on catalyst particles bound by a hydrophobic poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) structure or hydrophilic Nafion, vacuum deposition, and electrodeposition method. Issues related to the MEA were presented. In then-study on composite membranes, the effects of particle sizes, cation sizes, number of protons, etc., of HPA were correlated with the fuel cell performance. To promote stability of the PTA within the membrane matrix, the investigators have employed PTA supported on metal oxides such as silicon dioxide as additives to Nafion. 

Besides the covalent crosslinking, Kerres et al. investigated the properties of fuel cell membranes of ionicaUy crosslinked polysulfonic adds. This type of crosslinking was achieved by blending sulfonated poly(arylene ether sul-fone)s and poly(arylene ether ketone)s with basic polymers, such as polybenzimidazole, poly(ethylene imine), poly(vinyl pyridine), or amino functional-... 

The electrochemical properties of cation-exchange membranes based on sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (s-PES) were described in a paper by Kang et al. [100]. The intended applications for these membranes were general electro-membrane rather than fuel cell applications. The properties of the membranes prepared in this work were compared to commercially available ion-exchange membranes (Neosepta CM-1, CMX, and CMB), as well as to sulfonated polysulfones obtained by post-sulfonation of Udel 1700 with chlorosulfonic acid (s-PSU) (Fig. 26). The s-PES membrane materials were... 

Schauer, J., Albrecht, W., Weigel, T., Kudela, V., Pientka, Z. (2001) Microporous membranes prepared from blends of polysulfone and sulfonated poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 81, 134-142. 

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