Polysaccharides from microalgae

Monosodium Glutamate Polysaccharides from Microalgae Alitame Sweetener Pharmaceuticals... 

Anderson, D.B., and D.E. Eakin, A Process for the Production of Polysaccharides from Microalgae, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA (1985). 

Hasui, M. Matsuda, M. Okutani, K. Shigeta, S. In Vitro Antiviral Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from a Marine Microalga (Cochlodinium polykrikoides) Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Enveloped Viruses. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1995, 17, 293-297. 

Many polysaccharides contain branched structures and are chemically modified by the addition of other molecules. Their monomeric or repeat units are often made up of more than one sugar molecule and, consequently, can be quite complex. They form protective capsules of some of the most virulent microorganisms, capsules that, nevertheless, carry information that activate mammalian defenses the immune, interferon, and properdin systems [9, 136]. They are found as key portions of the exoskeletons of insects and arthropods and cell walls of plants and microbes and perform as reserve foodstuffs and important components of intercellular, mucous secretions, synovial and ocular fluids, and blood serum in many organisms. Food Applications compiles recent data on the food applications of marine polysaccharides from such various sources as fishery products, microorganisms, seaweeds, microalgae, and corals [137, 138]. One of the applications of this biopolymer relates to a method for protecting against diseases induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, which comprises mucosal administration of a S. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide to a patient in need. 

HASUi M, MATSUDA M, OKUTANi K and SHiGETA s (1995), In vitro antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides from a marine microalga (Cochlodinium olykrikoides) against human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses , Int J Biol Macromol, 17,293-297. 

The red microalga Porphyridium aerugineum is a source of blue color. This species is different from other red microalgae in that it lacks red phycoerythrin and its phycocyanin is C-phycocyanin rather than the R-phycocyanin that accompanies phycoerythrin found in many red algae and in other Porphyridium species. However, the biochemicals produced by P. aerugineum are similar to those of other red microalgae, e.g., sulfated polysaccharides, carotenoids, and lipids. An alternative source of C-phycocyanin is Spirulina platensis. ... 

A natural SP OKU-40 was extracted from the marine microalga Dinoflag-ellata and was found to inhibit the replication of HIV, RSV, influenza A and B viruses, measles virus, and parainfluenza viruses type 2 (PIV-2). However, it did not inhibit the replication of mumps virus or PIV-3 [98]. The action of negatively charged polysaccharides is not merely one of nonspecific inhibition of the binding of an enveloped virus to receptors. In fact, OKU-40 did not inhibit the binding of HIV or influenza A virus to the cell membrane, but it did inhibit the fusion of the membranes of HIV-infected MOLT-4 cells to those of uninfected cells and the fusion of the influenza A virus envelope to uninfected MDCK cells [99]. 

Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic microalgae that are abundant in the world s oceans and fresh waters. It is estimated that several tens of thousands of different species exist sizes typically range from ca 5 to 400 pm, and most contain an outer wall of amorphous hydrated silica. These outer walls (named frustules ) are intricately shaped and fenestrated in species-specific (genetically inherited) patterns5,6. The intricacy of these structures in many cases exceeds our present capability for nanoscale structural control. In this respect, the diatoms resemble another group of armored unicellular microalgae, the coccolithophorids, that produce intricately structured shells of calcium carbonate. The silica wall of each diatom is formed in sections by polycondensation of silicic acid or as-yet unidentified derivatives (see below) within a membrane-enclosed silica deposition vesicle 1,7,8. In this vesicle, the silica is coated with specific proteins that act like a coat of varnish to protect the silica from dissolution (see below). The silica is then extruded through the cell membrane and cell wall (lipid- and polysaccharide-based boundary layers, respectively) to the periphery of the cell. 

Yim, J.H., Son, E., Pyo, S., and Lee, H.K. (2005) Novel sulfated polysaccharide derived from red-tide microalga Gyrodinium impudicum strain KG03 with immunostimulating activity in vivo. Mar, Biotechnol, 7, 331-338. 

Antarctic cyanobacterium Nostoc CCC 537 acts as an antibacterial against S. typhi MTCC 3216, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Enterobacter aerogenes MTCC 2822 (Asthana et al., 2009). Extracellular sulphated polysaccharides A1 and A2 isolated and purified from Cochlodinium polykrikoides marine microalgae (Hasui et al., 1995) inhibit the cytopathic effects of influenza virus types A and B grown on MDCK cells. 

---