Polysaccharides, marine

Rha CK, Rodriguez-Sanchez D, Kienzle-Sterzer C (1985) In Colwell RR, Pariser ER, SinskeyAJ (eds) Biotechnology of marine polysaccharides. Hemisphere, Washington, D.C. 

Percival, E. McDowell, R. H. Chemistry and Enzvmologv of Marine Polysaccharides Academic Press New York, 1967. 

That same year, Percival was appointed to a lectureship at the University of Edinburgh, where Kempson started research with him on the synthesis and reactions of carbohydrates, for which she received a Ph.D. in 1941. With the founding of the Scottish Seaweed Research Association, their interest turned to marine polysaccharides. Percival died in 1951 and Kempson took over the research, being appointed Lecturer, while raising two children. For her contributions to polysaccharide chemistry, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 

Shrimp shell waste can be economically converted to chitin, a mucopolysaccharide (Santhosh and Mathew, 2008). This marine polysaccharide and its derivatives hold a major part in our lives as medicines, cosmetics, textiles, paper, food, and other branches of industry because of their unique nature in properties such as low toxicity, biocompatibility, hydrophobicity, etc. Hydrolysis of chitin yields a value added product, glucosamine. Carboxymethylchitin is another derivative of chitin, prepared by the carboxymethylation reaction. 

Xue, C., Yu, G., Hirata, T., Terao, J., and Lin, H. (1998). Antioxidative activities of several marine polysaccharides evaluated in a phosphatidylcholine-liposomal suspension and organic solvents. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 62, 206-209. 

Basal medium may be elaborated in various ways depending on the organisms under examination. The most obvious example is the addition of a gelling agent such as agar, an inert marine polysaccharide, to solidify the medium. This is not essential for the growth of the organism, but is added solely for the convenience of the laboratory worker. 

RR. Colwell, ed, Biotechnology of Marine Polysaccharides , Hemisphere PubLCorp, NY,... 

Chitin and chitosan are marine polysaccharides that differ from the... 

Figure 3.3 Chemical structures of some marine polysaccharides.

E. RederstorfF, P. Weiss, S. Sourice, P. Pilet, E Xie, C. Sinquin, S. Colliec-Jouault, J. Guicheux, and S. Lai b, An in vitro study of two GAG-like marine polysaccharides incorporated into injectable hydrogels for bone and cartilage tissue engineering, Acfa Biomater., 1 (5), 2119-2130,2011. 

Laurienzo, R, 2010. Marine polysaccharides in pharmaceutical applications an overview. Mar. Drugs 8, 2435-2465. 

Senni, K., Pereira, J., Gueniche, F., Delbarre-Ladrat, C., Sinquin, C., Ratiskol, J., Godeau, G., Fischer, A.-M., Helley, D., CoUiec-Jouault, S., 2011. Marine polysaccharides a source of bioactive molecules for cell therapy and tissue engineering. Mar. Drugs 9, 1664-1681. 

InteUigent (smart) hydrogels, which can change their swelling behavior and other properties in response to environmental stimuli such as temperature, pH, solvent composition, and electric fields, have found wide applications in drag delivery. Ionic marine polysaccharides may exert biological functions in addition to their stimuli-responsive characters (Alvarez-Lorenzo et al., 2013 Prabaharan and Mano, 2006). Composites and grafted polymers can reinforce and extend their responsiveness. 

Murphy, R.J. 2000. Thorium (IV) binding to oiganic and inorganic ligands Marine colloidal organic matter, marine polysaccharides and hematite. Environ. Sci. Eng. Div., Colorado School of Mines, Golden. 

Many polysaccharides contain branched structures and are chemically modified by the addition of other molecules. Their monomeric or repeat units are often made up of more than one sugar molecule and, consequently, can be quite complex. They form protective capsules of some of the most virulent microorganisms, capsules that, nevertheless, carry information that activate mammalian defenses the immune, interferon, and properdin systems [9, 136]. They are found as key portions of the exoskeletons of insects and arthropods and cell walls of plants and microbes and perform as reserve foodstuffs and important components of intercellular, mucous secretions, synovial and ocular fluids, and blood serum in many organisms. Food Applications compiles recent data on the food applications of marine polysaccharides from such various sources as fishery products, microorganisms, seaweeds, microalgae, and corals [137, 138]. One of the applications of this biopolymer relates to a method for protecting against diseases induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, which comprises mucosal administration of a S. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide to a patient in need. 

In particular, the marine polysaccharides especially chitin and chitosan have wide range of applications in various fields. Chitin is believed to be a major stmctural component of animal skeletons since at least the Cambrian Period, more than 550 million years ago, although it probably originated in... 

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