Polymorphonuclear cells

Geborek, P., Mansson, B., Hellmer, G. and Saxne, T. (1992). Cytidine deaminase and lactoferrin in inflammatory synovial fluids - indicators of local polymorphonuclear cell function. Br. J. Rheumatol. 31, 235-240. 

Lactoferrin, a protein found in secondary granules of polymorphonuclear cells, was observed to be mildly to moderately elevated in the stools of children with endemic cryptosporidiosis [91] and healthy adult volunteers with experimental infection [92], Indeed, in another study of malnourished children in Haiti, cryptosporidiosis was noted to stimulate an inflammatory response, as evidenced by elevated IL-8, TNF-a, lactoferrin, IL-13 and IL-10 [93]. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of inflammatory mediators in the development of prolonged diarrhea, malabsorption and malnutrition in immunocompromised hosts and children in endemic areas. 

Cyclosporine demonstrates immunosuppressive activity by inhibiting the first phase of T-cell activation. It also inhibits release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells, basophils, and polymorphonuclear cells. It is used in the treatment of both cutaneous and arthritis manifestations of severe psoriasis. The usual dose is between 2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day given in two divided doses. Adverse effects include nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia, alterations in liver function tests, elevations of serum lipids, GI intolerance, paresthesias, hypertrichosis, and gingival hyperplasia. Cumulative treatment for more than 2 years may increase the risk of malignancy, including skin cancers and lymphoproliferative disorders. 

The synovial fluid is characterized by a large number of polymorphonuclear cells, elevated protein concentrations, normal glucose concentrations, and sterile cultures. 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis is the primary cause of tuberculous meningitis. Tuberculous meningitis may exist in the absence of disease in the lung or extrapulmonary sites. Upon initial examination, CSF usually contains 100 to 1,000 WBC/mm3, which may be 75% to 80% polymorphonuclear cells. Over time, the pattern of WBCs in the CSF will shift to lymphocytes and monocytes. 

Leukocytosis with a predominance of polymorphonuclear cells Low oxygen saturation on arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry... 

Lebargy, F. et al., Tobacco smoking induces expression of very-high-affinity nicotine binding sites on blood polymorphonuclear cells, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 153,1056,1996. 

Low levels of mercuric chloride in polymorphonuclear cells may profoundly alter the cell respiratory burst, measured as chemiluminiscence, oxygen consumption and H2Oz production [171-173], depress phagocytic capacity [172, 173] and enhance release of lysosomal enzymes [ 172] with minimal loss of cell viability. A stimulation of oxygen metabolism in vivo might promote tissue injury, via the local production of free oxygen metabolites, in addition to depression of host defence [173],... 

Brown, K. A. (1988). The polymorphonuclear cell in rheumatoid arthritis. Brit. J. Rheumatol 27,150-5. 

Mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration and unspecified pathological lesions were noted in the lungs of guinea pigs after gavage administration of 3,200-8,000 mg/kg kerosene (Brown et al. 1974). 

Peritonitis infection of ascitic fluid, characteristically by gram negative organisms without an obvious cause, is common in patients with increasing ascites, and is diagnosed by raised ascitic polymorphonuclear cell counts. Treatment with third generation cephalosporins, or amoxicillin and clavulanic acid is effective. Concurrent albumin supplementation helps prevent renal failure. 

NT161 Keast, D., and K. Taylor. The effects of chronic tobacco smoke exposure from high-tar cigarettes on the phagocytic and killing capacity of polymorphonuclear cells of mice. Environ Res 1983 31(1) 66-75. 

Pollinosis. Allergic reaction in the body to the airborne pollen of plants, resulting in the seasonal type of hay fever or rose cold. Polymorphonuclear cells. Cells having a nucleus deeply lobed or so divided that it appears to be multiple. 

Usami, Y., Okamoto, Y., Takayama, T., Shigemasa, Y., and Minami, S. (1998). Chitin and chitosan stimulate canine polymorphonuclear cells to release leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2.. Biomed. Mater. Res. 42,517-522. 

Repeated inhalation of glycidaldehyde by rats resulted in a reduction in nucleated marrow cells and focal necrosis of liver and kidney. Repeated intravenous injections into rabbits lowered the leukocyte count and the proportion of polymorphonuclear cells. It is also irritating to the skin and mucous membranes (IARC, 1976). The carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of glycidaldehyde have been reviewed (Feron et al., 1991). 

The pathophysiology of IR injury in the lung involves increased leakage from the pulmonary microvasculature leading to interstitial and alveolar edema, excessive infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells into the lung, tissue inflammation, and apoptosis (de Perrot et al. 2003). 

Granulocyte Granulocytes are the major constituents of a class of white blood cells (called polymorphonuclear cells) that possess irregular nuclei and cytoplasmic granules and therefore have bright side scatter signals. 

Enrichment of rare cancer cells from peripheral blood samples is an application that typically requires density gradient centrifugation as a first step. Application of this technique addresses two objectives depletion of erythrocytes and depletion of polymorphonuclear cells. It is expected that cancer cells undergo sedimentation with the mononuclear cell fraction because of their similar density. However, some studies have found that cancer cells are also lost in the polymorphonuclear fraction or the erythrocyte fraction (8,9). Optimization of the density gradient sedimentation step is an important issue in such an application, because it will determine the recovery of rare cells from blood and affect the chances of their detection by immunochemical means. 

Hershkovitz, E., Rozin, I., Limony, Y., Golan, H., Hadad, N., Gorodischer, R., et al. (2007) Hypoparathyroidism, retardation, and dysmorphism syndrome impaired early growth and increased susceptibility to severe infections due to hypos-plenism and impaired polymorphonuclear cell functions. Pediatr Res 62, 505-509. 

H33. Hurd, E. R., LoSpalluto, J. J., and Ziff, M., Formation of leukocyte inclusions in normal polymorphonuclear cells incubated with synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 13, 724-733 (1970). 

Hematological Effects. Severe leukocytosis, with notable increases in immature polymorphonuclear cells, myelocytes, and myeloblasts and nucleated red cells and Howell-Jolly bodies, indicative of hemolytic anemia were observed in individuals after application of a salve that contained potassium chromate to treat scabies (Brieger 1920). Leukocytosis was also described in a case report of a man who was admitted to a hospital with skin ulcers on both hands due to dermal exposure to ammonium dichromate in a planographic printing establishment, where he had worked for a few months (Smith 1931). It should be noted that the man had a history of asthma. 

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