Polymers fuel additive

Monofunctional, cyclohexylamine is used as a polyamide polymerization chain terminator to control polymer molecular weight. 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexylamines ate usehil fuel additives, corrosion inhibitors, and biocides (50). Dicyclohexylamine has direct uses as a solvent for cephalosporin antibiotic production, as a corrosion inhibitor, and as a fuel oil additive, in addition to serving as an organic intermediate. Cycloahphatic tertiary amines are used as urethane catalysts (72). Dimethylcyclohexylarnine (DMCHA) is marketed by Air Products as POLYCAT 8 for pour-in-place rigid insulating foam. Methyldicyclohexylamine is POLYCAT 12 used for flexible slabstock and molded foam. DM CHA is also sold as a fuel oil additive, which acts as an antioxidant. StericaHy hindered secondary cycloahphatic amines, specifically dicyclohexylamine, effectively catalyze polycarbonate polymerization (73). 

Levulinic acid is obtained by hydrolysis of cellulose-containing biomass. R D is actively conducted at DuPont Co. to employ levulinic acid for the synthesis of pyr-rolidones (solvents and surfactants), a-methylene-y-valerolactone [monomer for the preparation of polymers similar to poly(methyl methacrylate)], and levulinic acid esters (fuel additives) [26]. 

Uses. In rocket propellants in polymer synthesis corrosion inhibitor fuel additive mothproofing agent... 

Oxime 2 has been extensively used only as an analytical reagent (determination of manganese by photometry), jet-fuel additive and more recently in polymer synthesis d . 

Olefin metathesis chemistry has had a profound impact in several areas of chemical research, including organome-tallics, polymer chemistry, and small molecule synthesis,many of which have industrial applications. For example, CM is currently utilized in the commercial preparation of several agrochemicals, polymer and fuel additives, and pharmacophores. Unlike RCM reactions, which are typically conducted under dilute... 

There are two other mixing systems that should be considered as having progressed beyond the development stage and will likely be instituted as production systems for the manufacture of composite propellant. The first is a proprietary system developed by Rocketdyne and referred to as the Quickmix system (10). Here the solid ingredients, such as oxidizer and fuel additives, are placed in a dilute slurry with low viscosity, volatile, and immiscible carrier. These slurries, a minimum of two, and the fluid polymer and curing agent streams are metered to a continuous fluid mixer. The effluent from the mixer then flows to a separator and... 

Historically, the commercial functionalization of oil and fuel additive polymers has been a complex multi step process. However, commercial implementation of in situ functionalization could reduce... 

When I speak of product formulation and design, I refer to the systematic identification of the molecular structure or material formulation that would meet a specifically defined need. In other words, you know what you want, but you don t know what structure or formulation will take you there. This fairly broad definition is applicable to a wide variety of situations. For example, engineering materials, polymer composites, catalysts and fuel additives, agrochemicals, and pharmaceutical problems all fit into this framework. 

Deflagration of Hydrazine Perchlorate-Additive Mixtures. Fuel Additives. In the case of ammonium perchlorate, it has been found (2) that at pressures below that at which pure ammonium perchlorate will sustain deflagration, ammonium perchlorate-fuel mixtures containing of the order of 5% fuel do deflagrate smoothly. Paraformaldehyde was the most effective fuel additive in promoting deflagration, and for that reason experiments were performed with mixtures of hydrazine perchlorate and various formaldehyde polymers. 

Nitramine (RDX or HMX) oxidizer Homogeneous colloidal propellant consisting of nitrocellulose dissolved in plasticizer comprised of nitroglycerine and inert materials PVC-composite or double-base propellant in which polymer is dissolved in plasticizier Double base propellant containing dispersed phase of finely ground oxidizer and (usually) powdered fuel additive... 

Surfam. [Sherex Polymers] Amines corrosion inhibiUM, ennilsifier, lubricant flotation agent intnrmediate for textiles, gastdine and fuel additive, flom finishes, paints, metalworking, agric., water treatment... 

Polymer functionalization aims at imparting new properties (e.g. chemical, biophysical, physicochemical or optoelectronic) to materials. Functional polymers have been developed for a wide range of diverse applications. These include organic catalysis (support catalysts), medicine (red-blood-cell substitutes), optoelectronics (conducting polymers, magnetic polymers and polymers for nonlinear optics), biomaterials, paints and varnishes, building materids, photographic materials as weU as lube and fuel additives. While it is not possible to enum ate all of the applications of functional polymers, some representative examples of functional polymers are listed below. 

Chem. Descrip. Neodecanoic acid CAS 26896-20-8 EINECS/ELINCS 248-093-9 Uses Intermediate used as the acid, its ester (for prod, of syn. lubricants), acid chloride (for prod, of peroxides for polymer prod.), or metal salt deriv. (used in tire adhesives, paint driers, PVC stabilizers, chem. processing catalysts, polyester cure catalysts, wood preservatives, fuel additives) metal extraction agent... 

Butanediol, otherwise known as 2,3-butylene glycol (2,3-BD), is a valuable chemical feedstock because of its application as a solvent, liquid fuel and as a precursor of many synthetic polymers and resins. With a heating value of 27,200 J/g, 2,3-BD conq>ares favorably with ethanol (29,100 J/g) and methanol (22,100 J/g) for use as a liquid fuel and fUel additive (213). Dehydration of 2,3-BD yieldsthe industrial solvent methyl ethyl ketone which is much more suited as a fuel because of its much lower boiling point. Further dehydration yields... 

Polybenzimidazole (PBI) (initially manufactured by Hoechst-Celanese, now PE ME A) is one of the few polymers under consideration for high-temperature operation. The application of PBI [206, 207] and the noncommercial AB-PBI [208] in fuel cells was introduced by Savinell and coworkers. For that, the membrane was immersed in concentrated phosphoric acid to reach the needed proton conductivity. Operation up to 200 °C is reported [209]. A disadvantage of this class of membranes is the acid leaching out during operation, particularly problematic for cells directly fed with liquid fuels. Additionally, the phosphoric acid may adsorb on the platinum surface. A review on membranes for fuel cells operating above 100 °C has been recently published [209]. 

On the other hand, completely synthetic polymers can be tailor-made, as it were, for the intended application. But their syntheses presuppose that suitable raw materials and sufficient energy are available. Petroleum is at present the main raw material source for synthetic polymers in addition, small quantities of intermediate products are also obtained from natural gas, wood, coal, and certain plants. Fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal, however, are the main sources of energy at present (Table 24-1), and so, these materials are simultaneously energy and raw material sources. This situation will not change significantly in the coming decades, since utilization of what are known as the infinite energy sources, that is, the sun, nuclear... 

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