Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis

Madden, L. A., anderson, A. I, Shah, D. T., and Asrar, J. 1999. Chain termination in polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis involvement of exogenous hydroxy-compounds as chain transfer agents. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 25,43-53. 

Haywood, G.W., Anderson, A.)., and Dawes, E.A. (1989) The importance of PHB-synthase substrate specificuity in polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis by Alcaligenes eutrophus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 57,1-6. 

Philip S, Keshavarz T, Roy I (2007) Polyhydroxyalkanoates biodegradable polymers with a range of applications. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82 233-247 Pierce L, Schroth MN (1994) Detection of pseudomonas colonies that accumulate poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate on Nile blue medium. Plant Dis 78 683-685 Pijuan M, Casas C, Baeza JA (2009) Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis using different carbon sources by two enhanced biological phosphorus removal microbial communities. Process Biochem 44 97-105... 

Nomura, C., Tanaka, T., Gan, Z., Kuwabara, K., Abe, H., Takase, K., Taguchi, K., Doi, Y. Effective enhancement of short-chain-length-medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer production by coexpression of genetically engineered 3-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase III (fabH) and polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis genes. Biomacromolecules 5(4), 1457-1464 (2004)... 

Koller, M., Horvat, P., Hesse, P.l. et al. (2006) Assessment of formal and low structured kinetic modeling of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis from complex substrates. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 29(5-6), 367-377. 

Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1990) Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev 54 450 72 Aneja P, Dai M, Lacorre DA, PUlon B, Charles TC (2004) Heterologous complementation of the exopolysaccharide synthesis and carbon utilization phenotypes of Sinorhizobium meliloti Rml021 polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis mutants. FEMS Microbiol Lett 39 277-283 Arora NK, Singhal V, Maheshwari DK (2006) Salinity-induced accumulation of poly- 3-hydroxy-butyrate in rhizobia indicating its role in cell protection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22 603-606... 

Mittendorf V, Robertson EJ, Leech RM, Kruger N, Steinbuchel A, Poirier Y (1998) Synthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates in Arabidopsis thaliana using intermediates of peroxisomal fatty add beta-oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sd USA 95 13397-13402 Mittendorf V, Bongcam V, Allenbach L, Coullerez G, Martini N, Poirier Y (1999) Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis in transgenic plants as a new tool to study carbon flow through beta-oxidation. Plant J 20 45-55... 

Poirier Y (2002) Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis in plants as a tool for biotechnology and basic studies of Upid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 41 131-155 Poirier Y, Gruys KJ (2001) Production of PHAs in transgenic plants. In Doi Y, Steinbiichel A (eds) Biopolyesters. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 401 35 Poirier Y, van BeUen JB (2008) Production of renewable polymers from crop plants. Plant J 54 684-701... 

Poirier Y (2002) Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis in plants as a tool for biotechnology and basic studies of lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 41 131-155... 

Mittendorf V, Bongcam V, AUenbach L, CouUerez G, Martini N, Poirier Y. 1999. Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis in transgenic plants as a new tool to study carbon flow through beta-oxidation. Plant J 20(l) 45-55. 

Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Microbial Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Microorganisms... 

Kessler, B. Ren, Q. de Roo, G. Prieto, M.A. Withok, B. (2001) Engineering of biological systans for the synthesis of tailor-made polyhydroxyalkanoates, a class of versatile polymers. Chimia, 55, 119-22. 

In this chapter, we focus on the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHA) and cyanophycin (cyanophycin granule polyperptide, CGP) and the key enzymes PHA synthase (PhaC) and cyanophycin synthetase (CphA), respectively. Both polymers are synthesized by template-independent processes. The issue of template dependency and template independency will be illustrated in more detail with polymers consisting of amino acids. 

Valentin, H.E., and Steinbtichel, A. (1994) Application of enzymatically synthesized short-chain-length hydroxy fatty acid coenzyme A thioesters for assay of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthesis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 40, 699-709. 

Qi, Q., Steinbtichel, A., and Rehm, B.H.A. (2000) In vitro synthesis of poly(3 -hydroxydecanoate) purification of type II polyhydroxyalkanoate synthases PhaCl and PhaC2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and development of an enzyme assay. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 54, 37-43. 

Rehm, B.H.A., Kruger, N., and Steinbtichel, A. (1998) A new metabolic link between fatty add de novo synthesis and polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthesis. 

The synthesis of bacterial storage compounds is reviewed in Chapter 10, focusing on two systems, namely polyhydroxyalkanoic acids and cyanophycin. Bacterial storage compounds are very interesting biopolymers having attractive material properties, sometimes similar to those of the petrochemical-based polymers. 

Polymers derived from renewable resources (biopolymers) are broadly classified according to the method of production (1) Polymers directly extracted/ removed from natural materials (mainly plants) (e.g. polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose and proteins such as casein and wheat gluten), (2) polymers produced by "classical" chemical synthesis from renewable bio-derived monomers [e.g. poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and their biopolyesters polymerized from lactic/glycolic acid monomers, which are produced by fermentation of carbohydrate feedstock] and (3) polymers produced by microorganisms or genetically transformed bacteria [e.g. the polyhydroxyalkanoates, mainly poly(hydroxybutyrates) and copolymers of hydroxybutyrate (HB) and hydroxyvalerate (HV)] [4]. 

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