Biodegradable polymers polyhydroxyalkanoates

Nikodinovic-Runic, J., Guzik, M., Kenny, S., Babu, R., Werker, A., and O Conner, K. (2013) Chapter four-carbon-rich wastes as feedstocks for biodegradable polymer (polyhydroxyalkanoate) production using bacteria. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 84 139-200. 

Sudesh K, Doi Y (2005) Polyhydroxyalkanoates. In Bastioli C (ed) Handbook of biodegradable polymers. Rapra Technology Ltd, Shrewsbury... 

Polysacharides such as starch are the most prevalent naturally biodegradable polymer in commercial use. Aliphatic polyesters such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are also a family of easily biodegradable polymers found in nature that are beginning to find commercial use. 

Biodegradable polymers that are based on renewable resources include polyesters such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). Biodegradable polymers can also be made from extracts from plants and vegetables such as corn, maize, palm oil, soya and potatoes. 

Philip, S., Keshavarz, T., Roy, I. (2007). Polyhydroxyalkanoates Biodegradable polymers with a range of applications. Jourrml of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 52(3), 233-247. 

Philip S, Keshavarz T, Roy I (2007) Polyhydroxyalkanoates biodegradable polymers with a range of applications. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82 233-247 Pierce L, Schroth MN (1994) Detection of pseudomonas colonies that accumulate poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate on Nile blue medium. Plant Dis 78 683-685 Pijuan M, Casas C, Baeza JA (2009) Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis using different carbon sources by two enhanced biological phosphorus removal microbial communities. Process Biochem 44 97-105... 

Sudesh K, DoiY (2005) Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers Sudesh K, Iwata T (2008) Sustainabdity of biobased and biodegradable plastics.Qean... 

Among all biodegradable polymers, unlike number of biopolymerslimitedto industrial compositing, polyhydroxyalkanoate is known to have the potential to degrade in every environment [10],... 

Nakayama A, Kawasaki N, Arvanitoyannis I, Aiba S, Yamamoto N (1996) Synthesis and biodegradation of poly(y-butyrolactone-co-L-lactide). J Environ Polym Degrad 4 205-211 Ojumu TV, Yu J, Solomon BO (2004) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates, a bacterial biodegradable polymer. Afr J Biotechnol 3 18-24... 

Biodegradable polymers can be mainly classified as agro-polymers (starch, protein, etc.) and biodegradable polyesters (polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly(lactic acid), etc.). These latter, also called biopolyesters, can be synthesized from fossil resources but main productions can be obtained from renewable resources (Bordes et al. 2009). However for certain applications, biopolyesters cannot be fully competitive with conventional thermoplastics since some of their properties are too weak. Therefore, to extend their applications, these biopolymers have been formulated and associated with nano-sized fillers, which could bring a large range of improved properties (stiffness, permeability, crystallinity, thermal stability). The resulting nano-biocomposites have been the subject of many recent publications. Bordes etal. (2009) analyzed this novel class of materials based on clays, which are nowadays the main nanoflllers used in nanocomposite systems. 

Natural bacterial biodegradable medical polymers polyhydroxyalkanoates... 

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a family of biodegradable polymers that have gained a fresh impetus in the recent years. PHAs are polyesters of 7 -hydroxyalkanoic acids produced by a wide variety of bacterial species, under nutrient-limiting conditions (Fig. 8.1). 

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