Carbohydrate feedstocks

Using renewable and sustainable materials instead of non-renewables. For example, shifting from hydrocarbon to carbohydrate feedstocks. 

The cost differential between hydrocarbon and carbohydrate feedstock is clearly a moving target. In a climate of rising oil prices, carbohydrates look more appealing than ever before, but this situation may not last. Companies need to consider potential price changes, and analyze the sensitivity of biotech investment cases to various assumptions on future feedstock costs. 

Lichtenthaler, F.W., Unsaturated O- and N-Heterocycles From Carbohydrate Feedstocks,. 4c-counts of Chemical Research, 35, 728-737 (2002). 

Compared to carbohydrate feedstocks, fewer studies have addressed the controlled transformation of lignin into potential fuel compounds. Zakzeski et al. published a comprehensive review summarizing the literature outlining the utilization of catalysts in the production of value-added products from lignin [110]. 

Although 1,3-propanediol (HOCH2CH2CH2OH) can now be prepared from carbohydrate feedstocks (Section 30.8), it can also be prepared from petroleum feedstocks. Devise a synthesis of HOCH2CH2CH2OH from CH3CH=CH2, a product of petroleum refining. 

With gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons and alcohols as well as carbohydrate feedstock, there are many process options for syngas and hydrogen production. They are... 

Unsaturated A-heterocycles from carbohydrate feedstocks 02ACR728. 

Of the 760/1061 of industrial ethanol (excluding fuels) produced in the United States in 1981, less than 2% was made by fermentation. Carbohydrate feedstock sources normally used for fermentation are prone to continually changing costs and cause major distortions to the price of the end product. While cheap Cuban molasses were available the fermentation route was attractive, and fermentation may be attractive again if there are petroleum shortages in future. The process is based on the direct hydration of ethylene ... 

Polymers derived from renewable resources (biopolymers) are broadly classified according to the method of production (1) Polymers directly extracted/ removed from natural materials (mainly plants) (e.g. polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose and proteins such as casein and wheat gluten), (2) polymers produced by "classical" chemical synthesis from renewable bio-derived monomers [e.g. poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and their biopolyesters polymerized from lactic/glycolic acid monomers, which are produced by fermentation of carbohydrate feedstock] and (3) polymers produced by microorganisms or genetically transformed bacteria [e.g. the polyhydroxyalkanoates, mainly poly(hydroxybutyrates) and copolymers of hydroxybutyrate (HB) and hydroxyvalerate (HV)] [4]. 

Fermentation of carbohydrate feedstocks such as sucrose and molasses that give simple chiral molecules such as Z amino acids, lactic acid, tartaric acid, and complex compounds such as hormones and vitamins... 

Chemie Linz (technology transferred to Urs Hanggi, Biomer) Austria Late 1980s to early 1990s Alcaligenes latus DSM 1124 (today Azohydromonas lata) Glucose from carbohydrate feedstocks PHB < 501... 

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) (Later Zeneca, Monsanto) UK 1976-1998 Alcaligenes eutrophus (today Cupriavidus necator) Glucose from carbohydrate feedstocks PHB, later also PHBHV BIOPOL 8001 (later phase under Monsanto)... 

The conversion of biomass to automotive fuels has perhaps received the most attention of any chemical biomass conversion process. One of the most visible technologies under this classification is the aqueous phase reforming (APR) process [35], in which the oxygen content of carbohydrate feedstocks is reduced with in-situ... 

To start with, the most abundant five- and six-carbon sugars and some of their isomers, as well as shorter chained sugars, are indicated in green. Chemicals produced by fermentative or biocatalytic processes of carbohydrate feedstocks are... 

The innermost zone covers chemicals for which no petrochemical route exists, and therein lies a great opportunity to produce them from carbohydrate feedstocks (in the case that a market for them is present or arises) gluconic [91,92] and glucaric acids [17], furyl glycolic acid [87], furandicarboxylic acid [85], and fermentation-derived malic, citric, succinic, and itaconic acids [17]. Besides these, the sugar alcohols xylitol [78] and sorbitol [81, 93-95], as well as isosorbide [82, 96, 97], HMF [80,98], and furfural [44,99] are also present, along with tetroses and their derivatives obtained by dehydration [100]. For these molecules, it is virtually certain that no petrochemical-based production will ever be developed. Note that levulinic acid [67, 101-103] is at the border of this zone. 

To summarize, the inner circle domain, as presented in Fig. 9, emphasizes the chemicals that are (or will be) exclusively synthesized from cellulosic carbohydrate feedstocks (in case of market demand). The second circle encompasses those chemicals that are preferentially synthesized from carbohydrates, although in some cases alternative petrochemical routes for their formation exist. The competition between both comes down to a question of economic factors. The third circle is a truly competitive region and, for now, petrochemical routes are dominant (e.g.. 

Fig. 4 Current industrial synthesis of (l-)PLA from carbohydrate feedstock the fermentative synthesis of L-LA the chemical two-step synthesis of the cyclic intermediate lactide and the polymerization to PL A. A pie chart shows a rough estimate of each of the frames contribution to the total production cost of PLA, from sugar to pellet...

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