Polyether phosphates

Stearate soaps Dodecyl sulphate Dodecylbenzene sulphonate Dioctyl sulphosuccinate Nonyl phenol polyether sulphate Dodecyl polyether phosphate Polyethoxylated alkanol Polyethoxylated nonyl phenol Polyethoxylated polypropylene glycol (pluronic) Glyceryl monolaurate... 

Addition of sulfuric acid precipitates the barium ion as sulfate, leaving behind the polyether phosphate. Elution of the filtrate through an ion-exchange column in the hydrogen form was found to remove any trace of Ba(II) not precipitated. The free acid was then reacted with Zr(IV) as follows ... 

Synthetic oils have been classified by ASTM into synthetic hydrocarbons, organic esters, others, and blends. Synthetic oils may contain the following compounds diaLkylben2enes, poly(a-olefins) polyisobutylene, cycloaUphatics, dibasic acid esters, polyol esters, phosphate esters, siUcate esters, polyglycols, polyphenyl ethers, siUcones, chlorofluorocarbon polymers, and perfluoroalkyl polyethers. 

Alkylated aromatic lubricants, phosphate esters, polyglycols, chlorotrifluoroethylene, siUcones, and siUcates are among other synthetics that came into production during much that same period (28,29). Polyphenyl ethers and perfluoroalkyl polyethers have followed as fluids with distinctive high temperature stabiUty. Although a range of these synthetic fluids find appHcations which employ their unique individual characteristics, total production of synthetics represent only on the order of 2% of the lubricant market. Poly(a-olefin)s, esters, polyglycols, and polybutenes represent the types of primary commercial interest. 

Liquid-Phase Components. It is usual to classify organic Hquids by the nature of the polar or hydrophilic functional group, ie, alcohol, acid, ester, phosphate, etc. Because lowering of surface tension is a key defoamer property and since this effect is a function of the nonpolar portion of the Hquid-phase component, it is preferable to classify by the hydrophobic, nonpolar portion. This approach identifies four Hquid phase component classes hydrocarbons, polyethers, siHcones, and duorocarbons. 

Formulations for one-shot polyether systems are similar to those used for flexible foams and contain polyether, isocyanate, catalyst, surfactant and water. Trichloroethyl phosphate is also often used as a flame retardant. As with polyesters, diphenylmethane di-isocyanate is usually preferred to TDI because of its lower volatility. Tertiary amines and organo-tin catalysts are used as with the flexible foams but not necessarily in combination. Silicone oil surfactants are again found to be good foam stabilisers. Volatile liquids such as trichlorofluoro-methane have been widely used as supplementary blowing agents and give products of low density and of very low thermal conductivity. 

On the other hand, the HIP value for ribonuclease was practically independent of the length of the polyether ligate. These stationary phases were also employed for the separation of oligophenylalanines containing up to 4 residues by isocratic elution with 0.5 mol/1 phosphate buffer, pH 6.3. The retention increments of the Phe residues did not depend on the ligate length, too, and were 0.82 and 0.89 for the stationary phases composed of PEOs (1500 and 4000, respectively). 

Figure 2.9 Hydrophobic-interaction chromatography of proteins. (A) Ammonium sulfate gradient from 2.16 to 0 M (B) ammonium sulfate and tetrabutylammonium bromide gradients from 2.16 to 0 M and from 0 to 10 mM, respectively (C) ammonium sulfate and tetrabutylammonium bromide gradients from 2.16 to 0 M and from 0 to 20 mM, respectively (D) ammonium sulfate and tetrabutylammonium bromide gradients from 2.16 to 0 M and from 0 to 40 mM, respectively. Chromatography conditions column, silica-bound polyether, 10 cm x 4.6 mm I.D. temperature, 25°C flow rate, 1 ml/min gradient, linear for 30 min background buffer, 50 mM phosphate, pH 6.5. Peaks a, cytochrome c b, ribonuclease A c, /3-lactoglobulin A d, lysozyme e, ovalbumin f, a-chymotrypsinogen A g, fetuin. (Reprinted from Ref. 45 with permission.)...

In addition to the polymer substrate, a series of binding resins made from polyamide and polyimide, polyphenylsulfide (PPS), polyether sulfone (PES) and/or silicone resin are necessary for applying the coating. Such substances like laminating agents (lithium polysilicate, aluminum phosphate and phosphoric acid) and various additives are also used. Included in these additives are emulsifiers and further processing aids (e.g. silicone oil). 

Sorbitol Polyol-Modified Isocyanurate Foam (71). This foam was prepared according to the following procedure. Potassium 2-ethylhex-anoate containing 4% water was used as the catalyst (soluble in polyether polyols). 94 g of sorbitol-based polyether polyol having a hydroxyl number of 490, 8.5 g of the potassium 2-ethylhexanoate, 120 g of tris(chloroethyl) phosphate, 5 g of silicone surfactant, and 90 g of... 

Surfactants used in the polymerization are water-soluble, halogenated surfactants. They are in particular fluorinated surfactant such as ammonium, substituted ammonium, quarternary ammonium, or alkali metal salts of perfluorinated or partially fluorinated alkyl carboxylates, monoalkyl phosphate esters, alkyl ether or polyether carboxylates, alkyl sulfonates, and alkyl sulfates. 

FIGURE 7.22 CVs for a 0.72 mM MDMA solution in 0.50 M aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at (a) unmodified gold (h) 15C5SHa-SWNT thiol- and macrocyclic polyether crown doubly functionalized CNTs electrode. Potential scan rate, 50 mV/sec. (Disposal of materials courtesy of Hermenegildo Garcia, Polytechnical University of Valencia.)... 

Various types of surface-anchor interactions are responsible for the adsorption of a dispersant to the particle surface. These include ionic or acid/base interactions sulphonic acid, carboxylic acid or phosphate with a basic surface (e.g., alumina) amine or quaternary with an acidic surface (e.g., silica) H-bonding surface esters, ketones, ethers, hydroxyls multiple anchors-polyamines and polyols (H-bond donor or acceptor) or polyethers (H-bond acceptor). Polarizing groups (e.g., polyurethanes) can also provide sufficient adsorption energies and, in nonspecific cases, lyophobic bonding (via van der Waals attractions) driven by insolubility (e.g., PMMA). It is also possible to use chemical bonding, for example by reactive silanes. 

VI (a) Tricresyl phosphate, aliphatic ketones and esters, polyethers, (b) Sulfones, nitriles, propylene carbonate dioxane... 

Polyelectrolytes are one of the most interesting and utiliz-able polymer materials presently under development. These water soluble polymers may be classified into three main groups nonionic polyelectrolytes, such as polyols, polyethers and polyamides anionic polyelectrolytes, such as carboxylates, sulfonates, and phosphates and cationic polyelectrolytes, such as ammonium, quaternary amines, sulfoniums and phosphoniums (1). These materials have wide and varied industrial applications. 

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