Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons technologies

Bioventing technology was developed by the U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory to treat soil contaminated by numerous industrial wastes, which is subjected to aerobic microbial degradation, especially to promote the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.65 It uses a series of air injection probes, each of which is attached to a low-pressure air pump. The air pump operates at extremely low pressures to allow the inflow of oxygen without volatilization of contaminants. Additional additives such as ozone or nutrients may also be supplied to stimulate microbial growth.77... 

Tinoco, R., and VazquezDuhalt, R., Chemical Modification of Cytochrome C Improves Their Catalytic Properties in Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 1998. 22(1) pp. 8-12. 

Torres, E. Tinoco, R., and Vazquez-Duhalt, R., Biocatalytic oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in media containing organic solvents. Water Science and Technology, 1997. 36(10) pp. 37 4. 

Biopract provides technological products and processes for industry, agriculture, and environment. They not only produce technical enzyme preparations but also develop enzymes for applications in agriculture, food, and textile industry as well as in environmental technologies. On the later, bioremediation has been an area of service delivery from Biopract. Their activities regards microbial preparations for the bioremediation of organic contaminants (mineral oil (MKW), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOC), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)). 

Vogel, K. D. and Peramaki, M. P., 1996, Innovative Remediation Technologies Applicable to Soil and Groundwater Impacted by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Environmental Geosciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 98-106. 

Leeson, A. and Alleman, B. C. (editors), 1999b, Bioremediation Technologies for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, Vol. 5, No. 8,358 pp. 

A number of different testing kits based on immunoassay technology are available for rapid field determination of certain groups of compounds, such as benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (EPA 4030) or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA 4035, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Immunoassay). The immunoassay screening kits are self-contained portable field kits that include components for sample preparation, instrumentation to read assay results, and immunoassay reagents. 

Certificate of Analysis, Standard Reference Material 869a column selectivity test mixture for liquid chromatography (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 1998. Available at http //www.nist.gov/SRM... 

Reza, J., Trejo, A., and Vera-Avila, L.E. Water solubility and solution enthalpy of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in Fourteenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, (Boulder, CO National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2000). 

Lee L, Agwall M, Delfino J, et al. 1992. Partitioning of Polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons from diesel fuel into water. Environmental Science and Technology 26(11) 2104-2110. 

The company has applied ex situ landfarming technology to several sites. The process is designed to contaminated site containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters, petroleum hydrocarbons, and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The company has also used in situ techniques such as air sparging bioremediation. 

According to the vendor, Cement-Lock technology has successfully removed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs, and tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin (TCDD)/2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) from soils and sediments in bench-scale tests. Metal concentrations were also reduced below detection limits in bench-scale tests. These metals included arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, mercury, and silver. 

The Microwave-Assisted Process (MAP ) technology uses microwaves, and solvents that are relatively transparent to microwaves, to extract chemicals from various matrices based on the temperature differential between the solvent and the target compound. According to the developers, the technology is applicable to soils and wastes containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and other organic compounds. 

Mycova mycoremediation and mycofiltration are ex situ treatment technologies that use mushrooms to destroy total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pathogens in contaminated soil, wood debris, wastewater, and surface water. The mushrooms are specially selected, cultured, screened, and preconditioned to treat a specific site s target contaminants. The mushrooms may be added directly to contaminated soil or used as a filter in wastewater and surface water applications. 

Approximately 3000 yd of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was treated nsing this technology at an oil refinery in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. The vendor estimated that the cost of this project was 50/yd (D213718, p. 8). 

The FEED technology effectively treats hydrocarbons (e.g., gasoline and fuel oils), non-halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, and benzo(a)pyrene. 

This is an ex situ, slurry-phase, biological remediation technology that treats soils contaminated with organics, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with four or greater rings. 

Micro-Flo has been used at many sites throughout Canada to treat wastewater and surface water contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorophenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols, dioxins, furans, hydrocarbons, metals, oil, and grease. The technology has also been used to treat water contaminated with paint, paint thinner, and paint solvents. 

The Hot Air Vapor Extraction System (HAVE) is an ex situ commercial technology that uses a sequence of thermal, heap pile, and vapor extraction techniques to remove and destroy hydrocarbon contamination in soil. This technology is effective in cleaning soils contaminated with gasoline, diesel, heavy oil, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Edwards, D. A., Luthy, R. G. Liu, Z. (1991). Solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in micellar nonionic surfactant solutions. Environmental Science Technology, 25, 127-33. 

Freeman, D.J. Cattell, F. C. R. (1990). Woodburning as a source of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Science Technology, 24, 1581-5. 

Means, J.C., Ward, S. G., Hassett, J.J. Banwart, W. L. (1980). Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by sediments and soils. Environmental Science Technology, 14, 1524-8. 

Kornmullcr A, Cuno M, Wiesmann U. (1997 b) Selective ozonation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oil/water-emulsions, Water, Science Technology 35 57-64. 

Once the inhalation exposure questions have been identified, the specifications for each personal monitor must be determined and the monitor must be validated for the contaminant being measured. Table I, updated from Samet et al. (14), identifies currently available personal monitors, and Table II, taken from an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report (15), shows the projected needs in the 1990s. There are a number of opportunities for research on personal monitors Table II indicates that relatively few commercial units are currently available for either particulate or gas-phase species. For compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a two-stage sampler is required because some PAHs exist simultaneously in the gaseous and particulate phase (16). Consequently, research must be ranked with respect to the significance of the air pollution problem, and the technological developments required to provide reliable samplers must be defined. 

Schauer, C., Niessner, R. and Poshl, U. (2003) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulate matter decadal and seasonal trends, chemical degradation, and sampling artifacts. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 2861-8. 

Ortiz, E., Kraatz, M., and Luthy, R. G. (1999). Organic Phase Resistance to Dissolution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds, Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 235-242. 

Backhus, D. A., and P. M. Gschwend. 1990. Fluorescent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as probes for studying the impact of colloids on pollutant transport in groundwater. Environmental Science and Technology 25 1214. 

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