Technical Enzyme Preparations

Commercial enzyme preparations are available with defined catalytic activity. The activity is usually adusted by the addition of suitable inert fillers such as salts or carbohydrates. The amount of active enzyme is relatively low, e. g., proteinase preparations contain 5-10% proteinase, whereas amylase preparations used for treamtent of flour contain only 0.1% pure fungal a-amylase. 

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Biopract provides technological products and processes for industry, agriculture, and environment. They not only produce technical enzyme preparations but also develop enzymes for applications in agriculture, food, and textile industry as well as in environmental technologies. On the later, bioremediation has been an area of service delivery from Biopract. Their activities regards microbial preparations for the bioremediation of organic contaminants (mineral oil (MKW), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOC), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)). 

Figure 6. High performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) profiles of MHR treated with technical enzyme preparations (30°C, 3 hours). HPGPC conditions BioGel TSK 40xl, 30xl, 20xl in series, eluted with 0.4 M NaAc, pH 3.4, at 30°C.

Effect of pure and technical enzyme preparations on cloud stability... 

Wallenfels and Pechmann (1951) were able to separate from a technical enzyme preparation amylase, lipase, phosphatase, and proteinase activities. 

Subsequently, a clear Juice is obtained by ultrafiltration. A serious problem in this process is the fouling of the ultrafiltration membrane, causing a reduced flux rate. For apple processing, the material responsible for this effect has been isolated and extensively characterized [2-4]. It appeared to consist mainly of ramified pectic hairy regions (MHR), which were not degraded by the pectolytic enzymes present in the technical pectinase preparation. 

Brunstrom, B. 1992. Induction of cytochrome P-450-dcpcndcnt enzyme activities in female mink (Mustela vison) and their kits by technical PCB preparations and fractions thereof. Ambio 21 585-587. 

The industries discussed under this heading nse enzyme preparations to facilitate processing, to prevent technical problems and to reduce wastes. 

Pectic enzymes occur as endogenous enzymes in higher plants they are also added as processing aids during processing. Technical pectinase preparations are mainly derived from Aspergillus nicer and contain next to pectic enzymes many other carbohydrases. 

Discussion of methods, substrate synthesis, continuous process, membrane reactor, enzyme deactivation Development phases, route comparison, test of many alternative methods, technical catalyst preparation, process optimization, ee enrichment via crystallization, industrial assessment... 

Table III. Specific enzyme activities of multi-enzyme complexes in technical fungal pectinase preparations expressed as International Units per g of Enzyme Preparation...

Using a computer-controlled FIA system, certain technical arrangements can be implemented in order to raise the sensitivity of the assays. Stopped flow procedures where the sample is kept in contact with the immobilized enzyme preparation for a longer time than the passage takes is one such arrangement being used [37]. Reversal of flow rate in order to improve mixing in the enzyme... 

In recent years there has been much interest in immobilized enzymes, where the enzyme has been attached to a solid support. This has the advantage in technical work of allowing an enzyme preparation to be used many times. The study of the kinetics of immobilized enzymes is also valuable in leading to an understanding of how enzymes behave in living systems, where they are often immobilized. Kinetic studies have shown that in such systems the rate is sometimes diffusion controlled (Section VII). 

The most commonly used method for the preparation of crude mammalian hyaluronidase is the extraction of frozen, decapsulated, and homogenized bovine testes with an equal weight of 0.1 N acetic acid at 4°C. Reextraction of the tissue with fresh acetic acid increases the yield but also increases the amount of inert protein in the extract (61). Pulverized acetone-dried bull testes can be used instead of the fresh tissue. A large portion of the inert proteins present in the original extract is removed by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 30% saturation, and the active material is precipitated by increasing the ammonium sulfate concentration to 70% saturation. (The use of technical grade ammonium sulfate should be avoided because it contains traces of iron which may lead to partial inactivation of testicular hyaluronidase.) After dialysis and filtration from water-insoluble material, the crude enzyme preparation represents a 30-fold increase in activity over that of dried bull testes with a yield of 80% (61,111). 

The immobilization of enzymes with the formation of insoluble forms is usually intended for the development of specific catalysts for technical purposes. Here, we consider another medico-biological problem of the preparation of insoluble enzymatic systems based on crosslinked polyelectrolytes, used in the replacement therapy for oral administration. 

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