Bedding, animal

Landfill and surface impoundment disposal are most often used for wastewater treatment sludge, but a significant number of mills dispose of sludge through land application, conversion to sludge-derived products (e.g., compost and animal bedding), or combustion for energy recovery.25... 

Secondary Hazards Aerosols (fluids) Body fluids (from animals) Fomites (from animal bedding). 

Mouse cage containing 1" deep alpha cellulose animal bedding (Alpha Dri, Dean s Animal Feed Inc., Redwood City, CA). 

Ground rubber is used in agriculture for animal bedding. Groimd rubber is used because it does not hold moisture, is relatively cheap, is not readily biodegradable, and does not harbor insects and pests. Mats are also made with crumb rubber for use by animals. Over 35 million pounds of ground rubber is used for this application. ... 

Biodac is supplied by Kadant Grantek (Green Bay, WI) for about 180/ton (9 cents a pound). Its major application is as an agricultural carrier for herbicides and pesticides, animal bedding, cat litter, oil absorbents, filler for GeoDeck composite deck boards, and components of GeoDeck composite railing systems. 

The highest profits for clinoptilolite seem to be achieved in the field of cat litter, animal bedding, and odor absorbents. With increasing environmental conscious applications in pollution abatement gain importance, in particular, if large amounts of ion exchanger or absorber are needed. The versatility of surface modified clinoptilolite is not fully explored yet. As the recent example of sorption [52,53] on the surfactant indicates, many other applications seem possible where the advantages of the porous bulk structure are combined with specific properties of well-chosen surfactants. 

Ultrasonic LSE is most applicable to the isolation of semivolatile and nonvolatile organic compounds from solid matrices such as soil, sediment, clays, sand, coal tar, and other related solid wastes. U-LSE is also very useful for the disruption of biological material such as serum or tissue. U-LSE can be coupled with solid-phase extraction (SPE) to give a very robust sample preparation method at relatively low cost in comparison to MAE and ASE approaches. The author has utilized U-LSE/SPE to isolate and recover 9,10-dimethyl-l,2-benzanthracene from animal bedding. A 89% recovery was obtained for bedding that was spiked with this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of interest to toxicologists (20). An ultrasonic horn and tip are immersed into a mixture of liquid extractant and solid sample and sonicated at some percent of full power for a finite length of time, either continuously or pulsed. 

Animal bedding or cage wastes— wood chips, shavings, or sawdust... 

Cereal straw is an annually renewable fiber source and is available in abundance throughout the globe. These straws are traditionally used for animal bedding and livestock feeding. The unused straw may be incinerated, incorporated in the field or removed from the field. However, incineration of field residues is forbidden in some countries [10]. Wheat straw, which has already found commercial use as a 20% (w/w) wheat straw-reinforced polypropylene biocomposite, is used in the storage bins in the 2010 Ford Flex [8]. 

Basically, kenaf has two distinctive stem regions the outer part, or so-called bast, constitutes around 34% of the weight of the stem and the inner, woody core is about 66%. The long bast fibers are usually used to produce paper, protective packaging, and composite boards and are also used in textile industries. On the other hand, the short fibers are used to manufacture products like animal bedding and horticultural mixtures [25]. 

Agro-based lignocellulosics suitable for composites come from two main sources. The first is agricultural residues and the second is those lignocellulosics grown specifically for their fibre. The first source includes rice husks or cereal straws, which are by-products of food or feed crops and can be used for everyday purposes such as animal bedding or fuel or alternatively are simply left on the field or burnt to reduce mass. Two examples of the second source are jute and kenaf. These plants also have residues, which are often used for bedding or fuel as well. 

Animal bedding was analyzed for 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene levels [936]. Extracts were characterized using a C g column (2 = 254nm) and a 90/10 acetonitrile/water mobile phase. A co-extracted peak was not fully resolved from the analyte, therefore a weaker mobile phase should be considered. Elution was complete in 3 min. A calibration curve from 1 to 20 ppm was used. 

Other uses of core kenaf fibre include also soil-less potting mixes, animal bedding, oil absorbents, packing material, organic filler for plastics, drilling mud binder, grass and flower mats, decorative fibres and insulation as well as animal feed and human food [41]. Bast fibre is also blended with cotton and used in textiles [41]. The bast fibre of kenaf can also be mixed with plastic for injection moulding. 

The ansiver is 4 /Vf 3]. Black walnut shavings are occasionally used as animal bedding however, this practice has been associated circumstantially and experimentally with laminitis and lameness in horses. The toxic principle is unknown. No other animals are kriown to be affected. 

Chinese rice straw dried for feed, fuel, and animal bedding. Photo by V. Smil. 

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