Polybutylene terephthalate based

Li H and White J L (2000) Preparation and characterization of biaxially oriented films from polybutylene terephthalate based thermoplastic elastomer block copol5rmers, Polym Eng Sci 40 2299-2310. 

The most recent entrant-to the. club of commodity chemicals is 1,4-butanediol (BDO), a petrochemical used in some of the more specialized applications such as chemical intermediates for the production of tetrahydro-furane and gama-butyrolactone, polybutylene terephthalate, and the more familiar polyurethanes. Traditionally, the Reppe process was the primary route to BDO, based bn acetylene and formaldehyde feeds. More recently, the share of BDO from butane and propylene oxide based production has grown rapidly. 

Apart from ZHS and ZS, little work has generally been undertaken on tin-based Are retardants in nonhalogen polymer systems. However, certain tin(II) compounds have shown excellent flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant properties when incorporated at levels of 20-30% into aromatic polyesters, specifically polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Hence, tin(ll) oxide, tin(II) oxalate, and tin(II) phosphate have been shown to markedly increase flame retardancy in PBT, whereas, interestingly, tin(IV) oxide is almost totally ineffective in the same polymeric substrate. 

Reinforced PET- Thermoplastic polyesters based on polyethylene terephthalate. Closely related in terms of chemistry, properties, and areas of application to reinforced polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) compounds. Key distinguishing features are higher strength properties and higher use temperatures. 

Many of these new plastics are in the polyester family. One that is getting attention is PEF, polyethylene furanoate. Avantium opened a PEE pilot plant in the Netherlands in 2011. PEF reportedly is similar to PET in performance, but is 100% biobased [10]. Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is available as a partially biobased plastic, from biobased 1,4-butanediol and petro-based terephthalic acid. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is similarly made from biobased succinic acid and petro-based terephthalic acid. Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) can be made from biobased 1,3-propanediol with, again, petro-based terephthalic acid. 

Butanediol is the main intermediate to tetrahydrofuran and y-butyro-lactone, but is finding increasing use in the production of polybutylene terephthalate, an engineering plastic. Production in the U.S.A. (over 200 kt per annum) and Europe (approx. lOOkt per annum) is mainly via Reppe chemistry, based on acetylene ... 

Let us first review various thermoplastics used in automotive applications. These include nylon 6,6-based blends (e.g., nylon 6,6-PPO), glass-filled nylon 6,6 with without impact modifiers, homo- and copolymers of PP, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene (PE), bis-phenol A polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), PC-ABS blends, glass-filled PP, and ABS. 

Now, a remaining problem is how to determine the value of the interaction coefficient. An approach was presented by Bay (1991) based on experimental values of an in steady simple shear flows for different concentrations. These experimental results were fitted to the numerically calculated an and the value of Ci that best fits the experimental results was obtained. The polymer matrices used in the experiments were nylon, polycarbonate and polybutylene terephthalate. The data of Cl were then plotted against a cp to give an empirical relationship... 

Polymers used in a typical mobile phone include acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) or PC for the outer case because of their weight reducing qualities and their durability. Good transparency is imperative for the screen for which PC or PMMA may be chosen. Connector manufacturers have several options with polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polyamide (PA) providing stability. Eor safety reasons elastomers provide the raw material for antennas. PCB base material is invariably an epoxy resin because it offers heat resistance and design flexibility. The components themselves may... 

FTIR spectroscopy has been applied in the study of polymer blends including Neoprene rubber, chlorosulfonated PE, nitrile rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing carbon black and other fillers [86], Nylon 6 inorganic [87], polyhydroxyether sulfone/poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) [88], graphite-based low-density polyethylene [89], caprolactone/Nafion blends [90], polybutylene terephthalate/polyamide [91], polyphenylene sulfide/acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene [92], PMMA/polypyrrol [93], and lower or high performance liquid chromatography (LDPE/HDPE) [94]. 

The semi-crystalline character of polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene terephthalate is the reason for their good resistance to chemicals. Organic solvents, such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, fuels, alcohols, ethers, long-chain esters, fats, oils, perchlorinated hydrocarbons, and the fiuorinated hydrocarbons used in aerosol technology do not attack thermoplastic polyesters at room temperature. These plastics are also resistant to weak acids, weak bases, water, and to aqueous solutions of neutral and acid salts at room temperature. However, they are non-resistant to strong acids, oxidizing acids, strong bases, ketones, and phenols. 

In general, nonabsorbable sutures can retain their tensile strength longer than 2 months [113]. The synthetic polymers used to make nondegradable sutures include polypropylene (PP), polyamides, polyesters such PET and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and polyether-ester based on poly(tetramethylene glycol), 1,4-butanediol, and dimethyl terephthalic acid [114]. The base polymer and filament configuration for common nonabsorbable sutures are summarized in Table 8.2. 

The promise of large-scale low-cost fermentations from renewable resources, especially corn, has spurred interest in the United States to develop chemical production for large-volume chemicals using bio-based processes. Succinic acid can be converted by hydrogenation to 1,4-butanediol, which has a world market in excess of 500,000 metric tons. Butanediol is used to produce polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) resins that have desirable mechanical and thermal properties and are a high-performance version of polyethylene terephthalate resins (PET). Also, 1,4-butanediol is a precursor of tetrahydrofuran, which can be polymerized to polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF). Gamma butyrolactone (GBL) can also be derived from 1,4-butanediol, and much of GBL is used to manufacture the solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (Szmant 1989). 

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a semi-crystalline saturated polyester, which has been produced since 1942. PBT is made by the polycondensation of terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate with 1,4-butanediol in the presence of a catalyst. Terephthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate and 1,4-butanediol are derived from petrochemicals such as xylene and acetylene. The polymer is noted for high stiffness and strength, high resistance to heat, low water absorption and high dimensional stability. It has moderate chemical resistance and low resistance to strong acids and bases. 

Pocan is Bayer s trade name for its partially crystalline thermoplastic polyesters based on polybutylene terephthalate. Product offerings include PBT filled injection moulding grades, PBT elastomer modified and PBT standard non-reinforced injection moulding grades. PC/PBT blends, elastomer modified and non-reinforced injection moulding grades, are also available. 

The majority of fiber-forming polymers, like common plastics, are based on petrochemical sources. Polymeric fibers can be produced from the following materials polyamide nylon, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) polyesters, phenol-formaldehyde (PF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyolefins (polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE)) among others. Because of the different chemical structures of fiber-forming polymers, their applications vary widely according to the temperature and chemical conditions which they can withstand. For example, polyethylene melts into a viscous liquid at temperatures equal to or less than that of a domestic dryer and therefore its application in a product that will require normal laundering is not possible. However, its fibers can be used in making disposable non-woven products. ... 

PBT (polybutylene terephthalate) is traditionally toughened using ABS resins, which may be emulsion-based. Core-shell emulsion polymers, which can be compat-ibilized with PBT through the use of GMA (glycidyl methacrylate), can be used at levels from 10 to 30 % to efbciently increase impact resistance [2, 136, 137]. 

South Korean company SK Chemicals produces SKYGREEN polybutylene succinate (PBS) thermoplastics based on aliphatic polyester and aliphatic/aromatic co-polyesters that were developed from SK Chemicals polyethylene terephthalate (PET) technology. SKYGREEN BDP products offer LDPE-like properties. They are used in films, disposable cutlery, food trays, hairbrush handles and paper coatings. Aliphatic versions biodegrade more rapidly and offer better processing and tensile properties than the aromatic-aliphatic grades, which cost less. 

In the category of the polymers produced from bio-based monomers, the polyesters used to be more popular. Thus, historically, the main studied monomers were bi-functional molecules, such as lactic acid, an a-hydrmy acid able to self-condense for the production of polylactic acid (PLA) 1.3-propanediol (PDO) leading to Dupont s Sorona after condensation with terephthalic acid and succinic acid, foreseen to be a key bio-based building block and leading to polybutylene succinate (PBS) after condensation with 1,4-butanediol. 

PEI forms miscible blends with polyesters such as polybutylene tereph-thalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyethylene naph-thanoate (PEN) [30-32]. These blends have a single Tg between that of the PEI and that of polyester. In blends with slower crystallizing polyesters such as PET and PEN, crystalhzation is reduced and one-phase, transparent compositions can be molded. Such blends have reduced thermal performance versus the base PEI polymer, but improved melt flow, reduced yellowness, and slightly better solvent resistance. 

Synthetic Biodegradable materials ( ) -1- BAK 1095 polyester amide (Bayer, G) -2-ECOFLEX 1,4 butandiol adipinic-dicarbonic and terephthalate copolyester (BASE, G) -3- EASTAR 14766 poly(tetramethylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Eastman, USA) -4- Bionolle 3000 polybutylene succinate/adipate (Showa, Japan). 

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