Bio-based monomers

From this step, two options are possible. One is to manufacture bio-based monomers and the other is to use renewable biomass to manufacmre compounds that combine natural products with petro-based Bionolle. This review explains both cases. 

The book addresses the most important biopolymer classes like polysaccharides, lignin, proteins and polyhydroxyalkanoates as raw materials for bio-based plastics, as well as materials derived from bio-based monomers like lipids, poly(lactic acid), polyesters, polyamides and polyolefines. Additional chapters on general topics - the market and availability of renewable raw materials, the importance of bio-based content and the issue of biodegradability - will provide important information related to all bio-based polymer classes. 

Bio-based materials can be obtained mainly by two different ways the direct production of polymers or the production of bio-based monomers and their further (bio)chemical polymerization. The direct production of biopolymers can be achieved by microorganisms (polyhydrojgralkanoates, PHA), by algae (alginate etc.), by superior plants (pectin etc.) or by several types of producers, e.g. cellulose is produced by superior plants but also by bacteria, chitosan is produced by crustacean but also by fungi. 

To circumvent this problem, one can be tempted to make more controlled chemical polymerization with the bio-based monomers. Thus the production of bio-based monomers was also developed. However, the polymerization of bio-based monomers often asks for more development, as in the case of polylactic acid (PLA) and of polybutylene succinate (PBS) moreover, the thermo-mechanical needs for the expected applications are hardly reached with these polymers. Therefore, two more options can be foreseen the production of partially bio-based materials (Sorona ) or the production of bio-monomers identical to the already existing and improved petroleum-based (ethylene, isobutylene, caprolactam etc. ... 

In the category of the polymers produced from bio-based monomers, the polyesters used to be more popular. Thus, historically, the main studied monomers were bi-functional molecules, such as lactic acid, an a-hydrmy acid able to self-condense for the production of polylactic acid (PLA) 1.3-propanediol (PDO) leading to Dupont s Sorona after condensation with terephthalic acid and succinic acid, foreseen to be a key bio-based building block and leading to polybutylene succinate (PBS) after condensation with 1,4-butanediol. 

Until now, the bio-based monomers were composed by hydrocarbons bearing o q gen or nitrogen heteroatoms, with pure hydrocarbons being only... 

Recovery of Biopolymers or Bio-based Monomers for Further Polymerization... 

Sugar-based fatty acid ester diols have also been prepared by transesterification of epoxidised oleates with methyl a-D-glucopyranoside and sucrose, followed by hydrolysis of the oxirane ring [57]. These fully bio-based monomers were polymerised with an aliphatic diisocyanate to produce PU whose structure could be oriented toward a linear architecture (when the sugar OH groups were not involved) or a network (if at least some of them participated in the polycondensation) by changing the solvent medium. 

Although a range of reactive monomers could be selected for reactive molding of polymer nanocomposites, bio-based monomers with the potential to replace materials traditionally derived from the petrochemical supply chain are of particular interest today. On the one hand, the Technology Roadmap for Plant/Crop-Based Renewable Resources 2020 (sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy), calls for 10% of basic chemical building blocks to be plant-derived by 2020 [16]. 

Bio-based monomers with more complex chemical structure and multiple functionalities suitable for step-growth or for ring-opening chain polymerization expand the scope of macromolecular engineering based on glucidic feedstock. Lactide monomers, obtained by the cyclodimerization of lactic acid produced by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates, is chemically polymerized into renewable, biocompatible and biodegradable thermoplastics, poly(L-lactic acid) and related polymers, well-suited for a broad range of commercial uses. ... 

While both these monomers - the diadd and the diol component - are conventionally derived from petrochemical feedstocks, DuPont, Tate Lyle and Genecor have recently succeeded in introducing PDO using an aerobic bioprocess with glucose fiom com starch as the feedstock, opening the w for bulk production of PTT from a bio-based monomer. 

Polymeric material produced by chemical synthesis using renewable bio based monomers such as poly lactic acid,... 

Part V, Bio-Based Monomers and Polymers, touches the world of bio-plastics. Far beyond the pioneering production of natural poly-hydroxyalkanoates more than 30 years ago, industrial biotechnology today offers a full range of materials. Important budding blocks for bio-based nylons, polyesters, polyurethanes, and other polymers are diamines (Chapter 13) and carboxylic acids (Chapters 14 and 15), both accessible through fermentation processes from renewables. 

Biopolymers include natural polymers, bio-based polymers, also known as bioplastics, which are extracted from biomass (i.e., namral polymers) or polymerized from bio-based monomers and those polymers produced in microorganisms and extracted [92]. 

Polyhydroxyalkanaotes (PHAs) are a group of microbial polyesters with a history of production dating back over SOyears. Dissimilar from the majority of bio-based polymers, which are synthesized using bio-based monomers by chemical polymerization methods, PHAs are produced straightly by fermentation. 

Bio-based ethylene can be prepared from ethanol. This reaction allows the production of bio-based PE using existing polymerization reactions. Accordingly, the reaction of the bio-based PET formation corresponds to the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene followed by conventional polymerization to PE (Bedia et al., 2011). Obviously, further important bio-based monomers can be obtained via the derivatization of bio-based ethylene (Haveren et al., 2008). 

The overall yield of the production of bio-based monomers is usually significanfly lower than the production of similar pefrol-based monomers. 

Produce bio-based monomers by fermentation, which are then polymerized (e.g., polylactic acid). 

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